My Grandmothers House by Kamla Das Essay

Kamala Das is one of the best poets in contemporary Indo-Anglian literature. Kamala Das, born in Kerala in 1934, is a bilingual writer. She writes in Malayalam, her mother tongue, under the pseudonym Madhavikkutty. Her poetry is an exploration of the geography of her own mind, and the lyric is an instance of such self-exploration. Through images of repulsion and horror, she brings out the emotional emptiness and sterility of her married life, and the intensity of her misery as a wife who had to submit to her husband whom she found repulsive, and with whom she had no emotional contact at all. She has won many prizes for her work . some of them being the P. E. N. Asian Poetry Prize, Kerala Sahitya Academy Award for fiction, Asian World Prize for literature, Kendra Sahitya Academy Award etc. She was short listed for the Nobel Prize along with Marguerite Yourcenar, Doris Lessing and Nadine Gordimer. On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune, but has earned considerable respect in recent years. Themes in the Poetry of Kamala Das: The poetry of Kamala Das is a search for the essential woman, and hence the woman persona of her poems plays the various roles of unhappy woman, unhappy wife, mistress to lusty men, reluctant nymphomaniac {A woman with abnormal sexual desires}, silent Devdasi and love-lord Radha. Kamala Das has also been called a poet in the confessional mode. The confessional poets deal with emotional experiences which are generally taboo. There is a ruthless self-analysis and a tone of utter sincerity. E. V.  Ramakrishnan rightly says, â€Å"In her poetry, Kamala has always dealt with private humiliations and sufferings which are the stock themes of confessional poetry. † Reminiscent of the Poet’s Ancestral Home: The poem is a reminiscence {a mental understanding of the poem by people} of the poetess’ grandmother and their ancestral home at Malabar in Kerala. Her memory of love she received from her grandmother is attached with the image of her ancestral home, where she had passed some of the happiest days of her life, and where her old grandmother had showered her love and affection. With the death of her grandmother the house withdrew into silence. When her grandmother died, even the house seemed to share her grief, which is expressed in a very touching manner in the phrase â€Å"the House withdrew†. The house soon was crushed by grief and snakes crawled among books. Her blood became cold like the moon because there was none to love her the way she wanted. She understands that she cannot reclaim the past but she wants to go back home, look once again through its windows and bring back a handful of darkness – sad and painful memories, which she would have made her constant companion, to keep as a reminder of her past happiness. The poet is unable to proceed with her thoughts for sometime as is indicated by the ellipses dots. The poet is now strangled with the intensity of grief. She craves for love like a beggar going from one door to another asking for love in small change. Her need for love and acceptance is not satisfied in marriage and she goes after strangers for love at least in small quantity. But she does not get it even in small change or coins. Her love-hunger remains unsatisfied, and there is a big void, a blank within her, she seeks to fill up with love but to no advantages . The image of the window is a link between the past and the present. It signifies the desire of the poet for a nostalgic peep into her past and resurrects her dreams and desires. The moon is being an emblem of love. The worms on the books seem like snakes at that moment, in comparison to the size of the little girl. The poet also implies that the deserted house is like a desert with reptiles crawling over. The poet now longs to ‘peer’ at a house that was once her own. She has to peek through the ‘blind eyes’ of the windows as the windows are permanently closed. The air is frozen now, as compared to when the grandmother was alive-the surroundings were filled with the warmth of empathy. Kamala Das pleads with us to â€Å"listen† to the â€Å"frozen† air. Neither is the air a visual medium, nor can air cause any displacement because it is â€Å"frozen†. In wild despair, she longs to bring in an â€Å"armful of darkness†. Firstly, that it is not a ‘Handful’ but an armful. Secondly, ‘darkness’ that generally has negative shades to it, has positive effect here of a protective shadow. It also reflects the ‘coziness’ inside the house. This armful of darkness is her essence of craving for her past. Kamala Das was very proud about her grandmother and the love she received. The Ellipsis after the word loved shows how much she grieves at the loss of the person who unconditionally loved her and satisfied her to the core. She was so convinced by the environment, in which she lived, that the loss of it was indigestible, and un-compromisable. She feels so proud of her grandmother and the house in such a way that she wants all the others know how promising and satisfying was the atmosphere at her grandmother’s home. The pronoun ‘I’ here is very emphatic and also melancholic. Sudden and strong in order to tell the world that no one would or could have come across such an admiring part of life the poet had lived and melancholic to let the readers know that she is a great loser and there can be no loser like her in the world. It also echoes her inner reverberations that when her grandmother was alive she was rich with love and after her demise she became bankrupt and started begging at stranger’s door. She dint expect the equal amount of love that she received from her grandmother from the society she was in but only little. Even that little love she was deprived of. This makes it clear that Kamala’s grandmother was a shape of unconditional love. Conclusion: The poem springs from her own disillusionment with her expectation of unconditional love from the one she loves. In the poem, the image of the ancestral home stands for the strong support and unconditional love she received from her grandmother. The imagery is personal and beautifully articulates her plight in a loveless marriage. Thus, the old house was for her a place of symbolic retreat to a world of innocence, purity and simplicity, a place of complete bliss and delight and peace world where love and happiness are still possible. †

Do the Right Thing (Spike Lee) Film Analysis

Color Evokes Emotion Spike Lee, the director of Do the Right Thing (1989), makes sure the audience understands how the heat is affecting the characters on the day the film takes place, and to do this he uses color. To subtly express how heated, physically and metaphorically, the characters in the film are, Lee uses warm colors such as red and orange. Likewise, he rids the presence of warm colors and uses cool colors such as blue and white in order to signal to the audience that things have cooled down and the atmosphere has a more loving vibe . From beginning to end Lee makes sure that the audience is aware of the temperature outside.The film uses the words hot and heat a countless number of times throughout the movie, but Lee also uses visuals to engage a sense that is not generally used to identify with temperature . The color red is present in the clothes that the characters wear, the buildings the characters live in and are in front of, and it is the color of numerous props in th e film. For instance, the hottest location in the film, the Pizzeria, had tabletop items, small decorations on the seats and walls, and even the color of the brick oven were a very vivid red that really stood out.The same subtle usage goes for the color orange, but in addition street lights are an orange color, and there is a eye-straining orange tint to the entire film. Lee uses these warm colors to allow the audience connect with the characters, and helps them feel the frustration the heat adds to the already riled up characters. The presence of these heated colors also help enhance the notion of heat, for this film, representing the tension amongst the different races, and the minorities towards the whites. During the climax of the film the Pizzeria is set into flames, and its heavy orange glow is reflected on the faces of Sal and his sons.In the couple of scenes where tension is not so high, and people are not completely suffering from the heat, Lee removes the orange tint and w arm colors and instead replaces them with cool tone colors such as blue and white. Specifically, in the scene where the two boys unscrew the fire hydrant and use its water to entertain and cool off the people of the neighborhood the audience will notice an absence of the orange tint and the presence of people wearing blue and white. This cooled down scene is then interrupted and upset by a white man driving a car that happens to be red.Lee also uses the cool toned colors to show love. When the main character, Mookie, and his baby’s mother, Tina, are having an intimate moment he has her remove the clothes she has on which happen to be warm colors. Similarly, when he goes to the freezer to retrieve an ice cube his son and Tina’s mom are in there, both dressed in blue shirts. Taking away the warm colors and orange tint allows the audience to feel the same kind of sense of relief as the characters feel in theses scenes. Lee’s usage of color is to help the audience f eel, on a deeper level, what the characters in the film are feeling.Whether it be from the actual heat of the sun or the heat produced by the tension in the neighborhood and with â€Å"the man†. The most tension and hate filled moment in the film is topped off with a fire burning bright oranges and reds. Lee also made sure to allow the audience to experience more than just hate (or heat) by including scenes that did not have an orange tint or warm colors, but instead cool colors. Lee successfully appealed to the audience’s feelings through the use of colors and made sure they could connect with the characters more personably.

History and Theory of New Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History and Theory of New Media - Essay Example The emergence of software began after the Second World War (Alisa 34). Televisions are also part of the media that give visual images to the viewer. The frequencies used from one channel to another are controlled by the satellite. Historically, they were used by the military in monitoring their activities, observing scientific features and for education. Broadcasting directly via the satellite is symbolized by a sphere. This shows that the entire globe relies on the satellite for wave transmission. There had been outstanding advancement in televisual development, ranging from the 1960’s when echoes were used. In the modern, world almost every household has a satellite dish to capture diverse frequencies. Culture in orbits described the origin, significance and the various uses of the satellite. They range from social, political and economic uses (Alisa 56). It is during the Second World War that most machines were invented. This was to facilitate the war and make it a modern war. The creation of cinemas and films were gaining popularity at that time and thus a machine to enable their view to the audience emerged. A mechanical analog computer and a gun control were the main form of technology. As a result of the war, many citizens were displaced, among them the Whitney brothers who dropped from school and went back home. This situation triggered them to invent many machines for the military, photograph and aircraft industry. They further produced a different version of music where the sound and images were appropriately linked. Camera obscura the first model, used to capture images used the functioning of the human eye (Holt 65). In one way or another, all methods of technology are extensions of the human body. The function of the machine gives it its meaning to human life. Electricity light is a medium without a message, but it gives a clearance to visual images. This is a characteristic of media where the content of the speech

Alternatives to Simple Incarceration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternatives to Simple Incarceration - Essay Example Keeping such a large number of people in confinement is proving to be a financial strain on governments. Many first time offenders and people like Joe Jones who are not a threat to public safety can be safely integrated into the society under supervision. This will definitely save a lot of tax payer's money and will contribute positively to the rehabilitation of the offender. Having seen many people like Joe Jones during my tenure, I feel that it is high time for an alternative to be introduced into the system. A system can be devised which will take into consideration the public's point of view, the concerns of the government and the situation of the offender. Paramount focus should be given to public safety. For this an Electronic Monitoring Program1 can be introduced so that the offender will be under surveillance 24 hrs a day. This can be affected by fitting the offender with a tamper sensitive ankle or wrist device, which along with the telephone line will keep the authorities informed about the whereabouts of the offender. Public safety can be ensured by this step. ... Moreover this system can reduce recidivism (Joan Petersilia, Minimizing Harm as a Goal for Crime Policy in California, http://www.ucop.edu/cprc/rubin.html). One California study has shown a two third decrease in crime rates after implementing such a program. Not only should the offenders be put under surveillance, but they should be subjected to rehabilitative treatments (in the case of substance abusers), employment programs, easy access to specific types of counselling etc. They should even be encouraged to further their studies in course of the probationary period. This will definitely help in their reintroduction into society. Another advantage is that these programs will keep the offenders busy, leaving them with no or very little time to get lured back to crime. Joe Jones Joe Jones wants to make amendments for his actions and put all of this behind him. I will present him with the alternate program where he will not have to spend time in prison, but attend employment programs, offer community services etc, while having the option to further his studies. Since he wants to repay his victims, he may draft a letter to each of them, apologizing for his actions and conveying his sincere wish to repay them. I myself will have to explain to the victims the reason for Joe not spending time in prison. I will have to explain how the issue of public safety has been addressed in this program. Also how this program will benefit Joe Jones and in due course the victims themselves, when Joe will finally be able to repay them. Public awareness of the Alternative Program is very important for the success of the program. So enlightening the victims about the course of action taken against the offender is an integral part of successfully

Toy Sales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toy Sales - Essay Example It does not take long for parents to realize that the toy bought a few weeks ago has become an unwanted and useless thing. Most of these toys are in perfect shape and can be taken for toys that arrive fresh from the factory. Toys R US can open such schemes where parents can return used toys and be compensated at one-third of the original price while Toys R US can still do good and ethical business with even them by selling them at half or three-quarters of the original price. The biggest value customers find in a retailer is cost-saving. Toys R US has already built a reputation of a low-cost toy seller, but being in competition with Costco and Wal-Mart with such strategy means that costs are not sufficiently low enough. Toys R US should find out ways to reduce the cost of toys even more which may be through outsourcing toy-manufacturing services or reducing the profit margin. One way Toys R US can maintain the profitability without losing to Costco and Wal-Mart is by opening lottery schemes for the kids. Offering good quality, durable, and well-proportioned toys in lottery prizes through lucky draws every few weeks is not a huge cost to pay for sustaining the business amidst such powerful competitors as Costco and Wal-Mart. Clientelling is a very fruitful strategy that Toys R US can employ making optimal use of the technology at hand. High-end businesses employ clientelling as a strategy to pair their customer with representatives that log every action or purchase made by the customers into a database so that future services can be customized accordingly. Clientelling helps retailers build long-term relationships with their customers and build their loyalty. Toys R US can inform the customers of the arrival of toys preferred by them whenever the fresh stock of toys is received at the stores. Staff members and representatives of a retailer play a very important role in fostering its relationship with the

The Internet Revolutionized Traditional Methods Research Paper

The Internet Revolutionized Traditional Methods - Research Paper Example It may also be automated, in that an avatar or some other form of artificial intelligence guides the user through the system, giving responses based on their specific need. The exponential growth of social networking sites has also led to companies establishing their presence on sites such as Facebook and Twitter in a bid to reach more people. Internet-savvy people are therefore able to get rapid responses to their problems through companies’ online support. Online blogs and forums are another networking option where companies can engage with their clients. Customers can also interact with other users, learn from them, obtain solutions to their problems and gauge the quality of services offered. The internet is thus changing the way companies relate to their clients and bringing customers together. The quality of online support of two major companies is discussed below: The Apple online customer support department is easily accessible on its homepage. The placement of the link on the homepage was a plus because it not only made it easier for customers seeking help but also made visitors to the Apple website aware of this service. The online customer support landing page contains a variety of options. Users click on the icon depicting the product they need help with. Icons depicting products include; Mac, iPod, iPhone, iPad, and iTunes. Clicking an icon leads to a support page with detailed information about the product. If the pre-recorded information fails to satisfy the customer’s requirements, there is a contact support button that a customer can use to get in touch with the Apple technical support staff. The customer is required to input their hardware serial number to access the support staff. Though an effective security measure, it may inconvenience a customer who is unaware of their serial number or not physically close to their produ ct at the moment.

Leader in Globalized Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leader in Globalized Workplace - Essay Example It is no coincidence that globalisation enables organisations to compete for scarce resources and customer preferences internationally. Globalisation leads to and facilitates reduced labor costs, lower costs of manufacturing and marketing, and greater demand for products and services, especially from the third world countries (Bartlett & Ghoshal 1989; Harris & Morgan 1996). Apparently, leaders working in global organisations need new skills and knowledge to manage these organisations through the global change. Unfortunately, in light of the emerging globalisation trends the significance of national culture gradually wanes. The absence of geographical boundaries erases the existing cultural differences among employees. Yet, it is at least wrong to assume that globalisation eradicates the effects of national cultures on individual level outcomes; this being said, leaders in globalised workplace need a cultural intuition and understanding of the main cultural conventions affecting their followers. Globalisation and culture: Hofstede assumptions and their limitations in globalised workplace National culture has always been one of the central measures of effectiveness in organisations. With the advent of international organisational forms, national culture has come to exemplify an important source of influences on individual employee outcomes and one of the central objects of organisation analysis. Hosftede’s model of cultural influences on organisations has become the seminal element in the evolution of cultural knowledge in organisation research. Since then, â€Å"most of the research on culture has focused on identifying the core cultural values that differentiate cultures† (Erez & Gati 2004, p.584). Hofstede (1980) and Schwarz (1999) are rightly considered as the gurus in the analysis of cultural values and their implications for organisational and workplace behaviours. Hofstede’s study of national culture is one of the most frequently cited works in the research of national culture and its effects on organisational performance. In 1980 Hofstede published the results of a broad survey of almost 120,000 personnel from a large multinational company in the U.S., where he proposed a system of the national culture dimensions to measure and predict the relationship between culture and employee performance in the workplace (Hannerz 1992; Hofstede 1980). The central implication of Hofstede’s study is that national cultures as clusters of shared norms, values, and beliefs greatly affect and actually predict the way employees act in the workplace. In other words, depending on the cultural belonging of the employees, his (her) workplace behaviours and reactions can be modeled in advance. For example, individuals born and operating in masculine culture are prone to value competition, performance and success, whereas those born in â€Å"feminine† cultures are more likely to value caring, warm social relationships, and quality of life (Hofstede 1980; Leung 1989; Rohen & Shenkar 1986). The individualism-collectivism dimensions presented by Hofstede (1980) allow defining the degree to which employees are group- and socially-oriented (Chen, Chen & Meindl

Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Theories - Essay Example Additionally, one of the major uncertainties in the Act Utilitarianism is that it appears to be too lenient, able to justifying some crime, and yet making it ethically compulsory, if simply the worth of the particular outcomes of the particular act is great enough. In addition, there is another major uncertainty and that is act-utilitarianism is much better in theory than in practice, as we barely ever have the time as well as the information to forecast the outcomes of an act, review their worth, and formulate judgments through probable alternative acts (Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism2). In case of Jean’s nephew Pierre, Jean has used illegal means to bring a prescription. In this situation, Pierre’s life was in danger and due to un-availability of medicine he can die. According to Act Utilitarianism the act of Jean has created happiness and offered a great deal of relief from pain. According to Act Utilitarianism Jean has performed a rightful and legal action that ulti mately saved someone’s life. Rule Utilitarianism Oxford moral philosopher R. M. Hare presented a 2-tiered theory that is known as rule utilitarianism. According to this theory, without doubt happiness is the eventual moral value; the means to go after it can be not direct. In this scenario, a 2 tiered theory would assess categories of events normally similar to as telling the truth, murder, remaining realistic in a wedding, breaking promises, regarding parents, caring for children, punishing the innocent, etc. However, some of the categories of proceedings are assessed rather than individual proceedings, a large number of people need to be measured in such estimated scenario should all in a culture be permissible to cheat? If a wide-ranging moral exclusion besides cheating creates more pleasure, then rule utilitarians would ease the moral rule "Don't Cheat." (LawAndBioEthics; Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism2). In addition, the rule utilitarianism is a quasi rule oriented struc ture where policies perform a vital role; however the system completely relies on a standard. In this scenario, the fundamental utilitarian principle is utilized, with facts regarding social communication, to derive rules. Additionally, once the systems are prepared, no direct computation of utility is required. Moreover, the law has to be pursued even if the individual measures produce more pain as compared to pleasure (LawAndBioEthics; Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism2). In case of Jean’s nephew Pierre, Jean is performing a wrong deed. In the light of Rule Utilitarianism, Jean is going against her personal code of law. This leads her to guilty of crime for using his job authority for illegal task. On the other hand she also saved the life of Pierre; this situation takes her to another aspect that she has performed a rightful job. Kantiansim Kantiansim is a viewpoint of ethics that is presented by Immanuel Kant. In this theory, Kant supposed that people should take care of as an end as well as never as a simple means to an end. On the other hand, it is immoral to utilize people for our own personal objective since people are important in themselves. In addition, Kantianism is a non consequential theory outlining the act itself is more significant as compared to the results of that act. In fact, Kant’

US and the world in the 21st century. (SOFTPOWER, IMMIGRATION, ISIS) Essay

US and the world in the 21st century. (SOFTPOWER, IMMIGRATION, ISIS) - Essay Example However, the person without receiving a proper legal clearance or certification move to other nation in order to become citizen of the nation is classified as illegal or undocumented immigrant. Advancement in communication as well as transportation has enhanced the aspect of globalization, which allows people to migrate to different places with minimal amount of barriers1. Furthermore, it has been noticed that international immigration will create both positive as well as negative impact over the origin community as well as destination community, as in one aspect immigration lead to facilitate the transfer of skills and workforce that allow enhancing the growth of the community. Thus, in this regard, immigration is reflected as the process of migration of the people from one place to another across the international or state boarder. Moreover, migration is not the resent phenomena or trend it has been the part of human history since the beginning. Rather since the creation of the reg ions, people are migrating from one continent to other, from nation to nation or internally. In the 21st century the major causes of immigration has been however been catalyst by the economic progression of a nation. The economic progression of any nation attracts immigrant from other underdeveloped countries2. In the general prospect, immigration has both positive as well as negative impact because the process significantly influences the economy at large. In this context, it has been affirmed that process of immigration is likely to influence the domestic labor market, which can affect the wage rate as well as reduce the employment rate among the domestic workers. Apparently, on the other hand, the aspect of immigration is also associated with other factors that are likely to offset the potential negative aspects of economy. In this context, it has been revealed that if the immigrants are significantly more skilled over the

The Crucible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Crucible - Essay Example Elizabeth loves him since he stood her husband, they had together shared their lives, and they bore children together. Abigail loves him for lust. She only desires him because she recognizes she cannot have him. The both characters might be in deep love with John, but for extremely different reasons (Arthur Miller 45). They both also remain the same for the fact that they are both liars. Yet again, this time they possess different motives for their lies. Elizabeth lies to safeguard John. She could save herself by just saying he cheated, but she took not to do so. Abigail lies for the purpose of getting what she desires. She lies about Elizabeth of participating in witchcraft so she can obtain John Proctor. Additionally, lying is among the greatest sins in Puritan religion (Arthur Miller 78). In conclusion, Abigail and Elizabeth had extremely different character roles. They had some alike qualities, but with different purposes. They both truly loved John Proctor and also both lairs. On the contrary, Abigail was selfish, not honest to her religion, and vengeful, where else Elizabeth was religious, selfless, and

Life after death Essay Example for Free

Life after death Essay Life after death is credible to a large extent, as there is a large of percentage of people who believe in it. A study carried out between October and November 2009 showed that out of 2,060 people, 53% believed in life after death, with 55% believing in heaven and 70% believing in the human soul in the UK. However, there are many problems with believing in life after death – not least the fact that there is no proof. As Hume might have said, ‘there aren’t enough witnesses’ and ‘testimony isn’t proof. ’ Some evidence put forward is parapsychological, such as near-death experience, mediums, and so on, though the data generated from such evidence is contested. While there may not be any hard evidence for rebirth, it provides advantages to those who believe in it, therefore attaining the label of credibility. For instance, there is an idea of moral value because if one is constantly reborn, one must constantly strive for good karmic effects. However, G. E Moore’s theory of ‘naturalistic fallacy’ might intervene because rebirth confuses moral ideas with factual information about how the world works. There is no means of verifying the principle of karma, and it assumes a dark view of reality with the inevitability of suffering. On the other hand, there is some psychological truth in the ideas of anatta and anicca, since an individual continues to grow throughout their life. Resurrection also delivers benefits for those who believe in it, thus making it credible to a large extent. It has a basis in tradition and is supported by evidence from Sacred Scripture, while it is also fair and encourages morality. However, many challenges to belief in resurrection have been centred on the fact that there is no available way to falsify claims concerning life after death. But, non-Christian sources agree that Jesus was executed by crucifixion and his disciples believe that he rose from dead. A Church persecutor, Saul of Tarsus, unexpectedly transformed into a believer after the resurrection. Verification is only possible in the weak sense of eschatological verification suggested by John Hick in his Celestial City analogy. John Hick is a materialist, who believes that the soul and the body are ‘psycho- physically’ unified. Hick explains in his Replica Theory, where he discusses how God makes it possible for people to be ‘replicated’ on a parallel universe. Hick talks about how the instantaneousness replication would be different from simply being transported from London to New York, he says all the individuals would know their dead and would be on a world populated by deceased individuals. His theory could be seen as incoherent because there is no evidence in science to suggest there is a parallel universe, however if you accept God’s omnipotent existence, this theory is plausible and does not depend on dualism. But, even Hick recognised the limits of his own theory and the fact that it is hypothetical in the extreme. It should be noted that this is an extending theory into the unknown and is purely hypothetical. To conclude, life after death is credible because believers avoid the limitations of rationality and focus on faith, rather than empirical evidence. While some philosophers like Bertrand Russell, argue that the hope of a better life in heaven relieves humans of responsibility for what happens on Earth and encourages a fatalist mentality, such beliefs may do the opposite and soothe fears of demise.

Social Responsibility Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Social Responsibility Evaluation Essay Company Q is a small grocery store chain in a major metropolitan area. They have recently closed two stores due to high crime rate, and losing money. The store has started to provide health conscience and organic food to its customers by request. Local food banks have asked if the company would donate day-old products. The company has refused due to possible fraud and theft. The three areas that Company Q can improve are economic, philanthropic, and ethical. The first area that Company Q can improve regarding social responsibility is economic. If Company Q would open the option of donating items, they open themselves to more business. People are more willing to shop from stores who are willing to be a helpful part of society. Also by donating it may help reduce theft. If people have food available to them, then there is no need to steal. This helps the economy because stores won’t have to drive up prices to compensate for theft losses, therefore, keeping prices affordable. Also, if they are throwing product away then they should evaluate how much they are ordering. If they are throwing lot of product away then they are not making much profit. They need to reduce the quantity ordered. The second area that Company Q can improve regarding social responsibility is philanthropic. By donating day-old products, they are giving back to the community. They’re going to lose money on those products they donate just the same as if they threw it away. However, people who cannot afford to buy groceries will benefit. This will create a positive image for Company Q in the community. The third area Company Q can improve regarding social responsibility is ethical. They need to build a positive image and have a positive impact on stakeholders and consumers. The stakeholders are like consumers, they don’t want to be part of something that is negative. They will begin to pull out and money will not be there to keep Company Q in business. The more positive impact they have on stakeholders and consumers, the better chances of survival of the company. The three areas Company Q should improve related to social responsibility are economic, philanthropic, and ethical. It is important for company Q to make the changes in these areas, for they will stay in business longer. They will also have a better reputation with stakeholders, consumers and the community. With a positive reputation comes more business. More business means better financial status. Even the employees will feel better knowing they are a part of a helpful company, a boost in employee morale. These are all changes for the good of Company Q.

Financial performance of microfinance institutions

Financial performance of microfinance institutions Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions Abstract The paper investigates the financial attractiveness of microfinance institutions (MFIs). With the use of CAMEL methodology is the performance of MFIs analyzed. A comparison with G10 commercial banks shows†¦. Secondly, the systematic risk factors of MFIs are identified. The study * VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam Comments are welcome at: [emailprotected] Introduction This paper investigates the financial performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) from the perspective of a foreign investor. Microfinance institutions offer a broad amount of financial products and services to people who lack access to traditional banking services, also called; ‘the unbankable. Starting from social driven performance measures, the microfinance industry has been arguably effective in reducing poverty worldwide. In the last decades the microfinance industry has developed into an alternative investment class. The sector is characterized by attractive returns, low default rates and an explosive growth. Nevertheless, there is only a small scientific basis about the promises microfinance offers as a financial investment class. The financial attractiveness of MFIs for investors is questioned within this paper. Through analyzing the performance of MFI with CAMEL ratings and identifying the systematic risk factors, enriches this paper the academic field of finance. The study starts from the findings of Krauss Walter (2008). Their empirical results show that MFIs have a low or non exposure with international commercial markets from developed nations. Microfinance investments are for investors thus useful for portfolio diversification. Besides the social benefit that social oriented investors gain, the question arises what is the potential financial gain for a foreign investor? Nonacademic sources present microfinance as a interesting alternative investment class for solely return oriented investors. Institutions as the Consultative Group to Assists the Poor (CGAP) are reporting profits twice as high as their local peers and returns on investments in some parts of the world between 117 and 847 percent (Little field Holtman, 2005). Gonzales Rosenberg (2006) presented evidence of MFIs that outperform commercial banks on the return on assets. The returns are combined with a repayment rate of loans of almost 100 percent. Group liability repayment systems realize the low default rates. The repayment schemes are typical for the microfinance industry since clients lack collateral for the provided loans. The numbers indicate a save investment with a high return for investors. Nevertheless, investors seem to be skeptic about investing in MFIs. As Krauss Walter (2008, p.6) righteously mention: â€Å" Investors appear to perceive microfinance as excessively risky relative to the returns it generates, partially due to a lack of viable foreign exchange hedges, absence of a solid track record, poor reporting standards, heterogeneous products and inadequate liquidity.† The Microfinance Exchange (MIX) tracks the performance of MFIs since 1998. The MIX is a platform which gathers and publishes financial and communal oriented (outreach) numbers of MFIs. The institutions deliver the data voluntary to the MIX. Of the approximately 10.000 MFIs worldwide, only a small percentage (around 8 percent) send reports to independent platforms as the Microfinance Exchange. The incentive to offer data is to attract more funds from investors (Hartarska Nadolnuak, 2008). The attraction of more funds leads to a higher amount of accessible capital for the low-income clients. A high return on investment is promised by MFIs to investors. In combination with the support to poor people, seems microfinance to be the commercial solution for worldwide poverty. In practice, this promise is only rarely fulfilled by the institutions, due to the high operating cost per client and the lack of knowledge and transparency within the institutions. Academic research is necessary to cl assify the sources of growth in microfinance institutions, thereby establishing a valid basis to assess the performance and risk of MFIs. The paper aims to increase the transparency and rationale behind the data of microfinance. Transparency is increased by presenting measures of performance of the institutions in relation with their domestic environment. MFIs are considered as emerging banks in developing countries. A comparison with commercial banks using adjusted performance methods is used as a starting point. Identifying the systematic risk factors within the domestic environment results in a valid basis to assess the performance of MFIs. The financial statements of the MFIs are downloaded from the MIX website. A drawback in microfinance related research is the low quality of the data. Although the MIX offers the best available set of data and puts serious efforts to increase the quality is the dataset relative young. The dataset contains annual data and is subject to subjectivity due to the voluntary basis and a lack of legislation and authorization in the nations were MFIs are effective. To deal with the low quality of the data this paper first checks till which extent the data makes sense. CAMEL ratings as an efficiency parameter are used SYSTAMTIC RISK The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 1 reviews the literature of the microfinance industry and the recent developments. Section 2 describes the bank performance methodologies to assess the performance of banks. Section 3 describes a comparison of banking ratios between commercial banks and MFIs. Section 4 discusses the results on the performance drivers of MFIs as a result of the systematic risk of emerging nations. Section 5 concludes the paper with a discussion of the main findings found in this paper The Microfinance Promise The success of the book ‘Creating a world without poverty of Muhammed Yunus (founder of the Grameen bank in 1970 Nobel Prize Winner for the Peace in 2006), increased the awareness and popularity in microfinance. Microfinance refers to the financial products as savings, insurance, transfer services, microcredit loans and other products targeted at low-income clients. From origin is microcredit the key product of MFIs. Loans are used to develop local economies to banish poverty from the low-income communities. The difference between traditional banking and microfinance is the level of creditworthiness of clients. Low-income clients in microfinance lack collateral, structural employment and/or a verifiable credit history almost by definition. This disables them to meet the minimum creditworthiness requirements to gain access to traditional finance products and services. Microfinance clients are therefore often referred as: ‘the unbankable. The lending activities of MFIs are characterized as follows: 1) loans are solely available to members of the MFI; 2) loans are relatively small and generally unsecured; 3) assets and liabilities of the MFI are owned jointly by the members (the clients are the owners), 4) internal monitoring and social sanctions (group liability) are used to enforce the loan contracts (Skees Barnet, 2006). Microfinance institutions thus use group lending methods to guarantee repayment of the financial services which is a substitute for the lack of collateral. This innovative and reversed perspective on banking enables MFIs to provide financial support to the poorest people of the world. This considers 1 billion people worldwide or a potential of 1 billion clients. Reducing poverty worldwide is incorporated in the G8 millennium development goals. Microfinance is considered to be a proven way to realize this millennium goal. Judged against the profit maximization ideology of commercial banks in developed countries have MFIs a dual mis sion; reducing poverty worldwide while being financial sustainable (Drake Rhyne, 2002). The success of microfinance increased the interest of developed nations and the mainstream finance industry. Commercial organizations support initiatives in microfinance as an act of corporate social responsibility. For investors and financials is microfinance attractive for its low correlation with commercial markets. Real life examples are the diversification possibilities that pension and insurance funds find in microfinance (Krauss Walter, 2008). The balance between social and financial returns was studied by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in February 2008. The CGAP identifies a stream of private investors investing in microfinance with no particular interest in the social objective of MFIs since 2006. The entry of private investors in microfinance is seen as one the most important development since institutional investors noticed microfinance in the beginning of 2000. Before this period mainly governments, NGOs and charity funds invested and supported MFIs. In 2006 seventeen billion dollar of loans represented 10% of the potential microfinance market (Swanson, 2007). The money market return in that year was 5.8% in dollars and 3.2% in euros (Reille Foster, 2008). Although multiple sources report extreme returns on equity in microfinance, is investing in microfinance far from riskless. MicroPlace is the first online platform to trade in MFIs developed by Ebay. The average yield on a investment is 3% which matures in 3 years. In order to realize high net return on equity should organizations keep the operational cost low. Especially in the case of MFIs are operating cost high. Still lack of control and transparency makes investing in MFIs risky. Difficulty to comply with regulation standards, if any regulation framework is available MFIs act like banks, by collecting any in developed nations and from local communities and invest them in the area. Criticism is about the lack of transparency and knowledge in the sector. Databases consist of low quality accounting numbers and the absence of legislation, authorization in emerging economies aInsights in this industry will thus not only benefit the poor of the world, but also investors of the world as well as the lessons for the financial systems worldwide. The promise that microfinance offers is a reduction of poverty worldwide, with without any means of charity or subsidy (Cull, Demirguà §-Kunt Morduch, 2007). The poverty line is defined as having less than 2 dollar to spend on a daily basis. Group liability schemes are the response of MFIs to avoid the lack of traceable credibility and liquidity of clients. The group structure of loan repayment proves to secure high rates of repayment. Even with the lack of collateral or means of liquidity of the clients (Cull, Demirguà §-Kunt Morduch, 2007). The backside of this concept is that the industry is characterized by a high amount of transactional and operational cost due to monitoring cost. Also the high geographical distances and spread of clients, without technology standards or infrastructure to bridge these distance, increases the operational costs. A stereotype client of an MFI would be a woman (approximately 97% of all microfinance clients are woman), with a low level or non education. The idea that most clients are entrepreneurs is a biased view. Since microfinance believes in the strength and flexibility of people new entrepreneurial business arise, but everyone with a spendable income of less than 2 dollar a day, could be a client of an MFI. Grootte markt Although the loans and services provided are relative low is the amount of clients enormous. Ownership and governance (Call for legislation and authorization) Technology influences (Mobile phones) Microfinance for investors (brug naar bank performance en systematic risk) Portfolio diversification Return oriented (non academic article) not more than a T bill) Null hypothesis 3: MFIs dont generate excess returns more over equity indices. How to sustain credibility High fixed cost to monitor clients No collateral as a backup in case of default, so MFIs have to define risk management methods in order to control potential default rates. Bank performance From NGO to Commercial bank Null hypothesis 1: MFIs have the same banking ratios compared with commercial banks from G10 nations. Systematic risk of MFIs Impact of macroeconomic indicators on MFIs and visa versa Null Hypothesis 2: MFIs and macroeconomic indicators are not related. Microfinance business and investors MFIs have a different business model than traditional banks. This affects capital structure of the institution. The expectations of investors are also higher. A return hurdle is identified in †¦. Which state that investors expect return on equity of MFIs between 20-25 percent due to additional risk of the underdeveloped markets. Transaction costs are high for investors. Since most MFIs are not publicly tradable investors have to spend relative more time and effort to find, retrieve and monitor funds of MFIs. Exchange rates and effort to buy forgein shares in MFIs The lack of transparency creates information asymmetry Asymmetric information contributes to high transaction costs associated with underwriting, monitoring, and loss adjustment. The very same asymmetric information and transaction costs problems also plague financial markets in rural areas of low-income countries, contributing to high market interest rates. Market interest rates are also affected by default risk. Financial regulations can protect the interests of consumers by reducing information asymmetries. So Camel But for MFIs instead of commercial banks it is very difficult to diversify risk. Since most lenders have a business in agricultural oparetions a nature disaster or a change of policy within the domestic border affects almost the compete loan portfolio. For this reason it is important to understand the underlying sustamtic risk of an MFI with a nation. Bank Performance Measurement Measurement of the financial performance of banks increases the transparency of the banking sector in various ways. First, the performance indicators are warning signals for troubled banks. This increases the safety of the banking system. Secondly the indicators are useful tools for allocation decisions for investors. Especially in the case of MFIs, investors lack perfect information. Compared with developed nations the information asymmetry is greater, since commercial banks from industrialized countries have easy accessible and reliable performance indicators. Monitoring MFI performance decreases the information asymmetry gap for investors, which helps MFIs to attract more funds and increase their performances. A performance model assesses the efficiency of the organization. Efficiency is the ratio of the effective or useful output to the total input of a system. Different methods are available to measure the efficiency of banks. Statistical and intelligent techniques to model bank performance models are extensively reviewed by Kumar Ravi (2009). The most common approaches are data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Liu, 2009) and CAMEL analysis (Cole Gunther, 2008). DEA is a non parametric method which uses linear programming to measure multiple in- and outputs of business units. The business units are compared through creating an efficient frontier of best performing business units. DEA is mainly used to asses the internal efficiency of a bank. On-site examinations are the most precise way to monitor the performance of a bank. In developed nations are banks assessed between every 12-18 months. The ratings are known to CAMELS ratings according to their functional areas: capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earnings strength and liquidity. The performance of each area is rated on a 5 point scale (1 strong performance, 2 satisfactory performance, 3 performance that is flawed to some degree, 4 marginal performance that is significantly below average, 5 unsatisfactory performance that is critically deficient and in need of immediate action). From the 5 areas is a composite overall rating constructed. The Commercial Bank Examination Manual produced by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System qualifies an institution consequently as; 1 an institution that is basically sound in every respect, 2 an institution that is fundamentally sound but has modest weaknesses, 3 an institution with financial, operatio nal, or compliance weaknesses that give cause for supervisory concern, 4 an institution with serious financial weaknesses that could impair future viability, 5 an institution with critical financial weaknesses that render the probability of failure extremely high in the near term. Although the CAMEL approach is widely used, Cole Gunther (2008) point out that the reliability of the ratings decays rapidly once published. To deal with the diminishing value of CAMEL ratings, they offer a method to create CAMEL rating based on accounting data. The off-site examination of the CAMEL rating performs better after two quarters since the last on site assessment. The CAMEL approach is a suitable starting point to asses MFI performance, since MFI data is only published annually. The rating enables to benchmark multiple MFIs and filter credible and well performing institutions from the dataset. CAMEL offers thereby the possibility to incorporate the social objective of MFIs within the performance model. Besides CAMEL are seven approaches established to measure MFI performance. The Global Development Research center describes all approaches which find their origin from private and commercial initiatives to rank MFIs. The ACCION Camel approach is comparable to the measuremen t as suggested above. An overview of the systems: PEARLS rating system. This is a rating system developed for credit unions by the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU). ACCION Camel. The evaluation guideline for MFIs developed by ACCION International. Girafe rating system. Developed by PlaNetFinance. MicroRate. Developed by Damian von Stauffenberg of MicroRate. MicroBanking Bulletin/ MicroBanking Standards Project. Funded by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP). The Philippine Coalition for Micro-finance Standards.Developed a set of performance standards to serve as guidelines or benchmarks to assess the operations of NGOs involved in microfinance. Institutional Performance Standards and PlansDeveloped by the Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development and United Nations Capital Development Fund. CAMEL is suggested as most suitable for investors. The reliance on qualitative measurement through interviews with the MFIs management is a drawback of the above mentioned methods. Although interviews are useful to assess the performance of an institution, it does not allow investors to asses the institution based on free available information (for example from MIX markets). The CAMEL approach offers an objective evaluation method to assess the performance on quantitative measures. CAMEL is thereby widely recognized as a well performance rating method of financial institutions. The areas of the CAMEL approach are defined, but the indicators to generate the rating of the areas vary per organization or study. Microfinance has a different banking perspective compared with traditional banking. To adjust for this basic principle the set of accounting indicators for the CAMEL model is different, compared with models of traditional banks. ACCION is a rating agency which uses CAMEL to measure the performance of MFIs. A combination of qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (accounting data) analysis is used to rate the institutions. The present study solely uses quantitative measures to assess MFI performance. The indicators are adjusted to the amount of the gross loan portfolio to adjust for company size. Capital adequacy is measured by the amount of total equity and the amount of leverage within the organizations. A higher amount of equity reduces the probability of the occurrence of insolvency. A higher reliance on debt increases the financial pressure on the institution. Leverage reduces therefore the overall CAMEL score. Asset quality indicates the quality of the loans. The write of ratio of the loans and the not winnable loans in 30 days, reduces the quality of the assets. The ACCION model and the model of Cole Gunther (2008) do not include a quantitative measure of management. The current study measures the way the management uses the financial resources efficiently to provide as many loans with the same resources. Better management should be able to reach more clients (possibly with a higher amount of an average loan). Operational self-sufficiency is a measure of overall financial performance of the management. The ratio of operational expenses and loan portfolio presents how effective the management distributes loans to clients. This serves as a proxy for the objective of MFIs to reduce poverty. Secondly is the amount of active borrowers an absolute measure of how many clients the management reaches compared to the financial resources. The average loan balance divided by the GNI of the domestic nation indicates how much a MFI offers to clients within the local context. Earnings strength is the most important for return oriented investors. Return on assets and equity are a widely accepted measures of financial performance. Profit margin is included as a profitability measure of the services offered by the institution. Liquidity is a measure of how well an institution deals with short term cash flows and needs. Unfortunately the database only provides annual information of balance sheets. Specific (short term) cash flow information is not available. Liquidity represents the ability of an institution to meet obligations as they come due. In order to create a proxy for liquidity, data is gathered to determine till which extent institutions can meet loan requests of clients. Two ratios are calculated. The first represents the growth of the assets compared with the growth in the total loan portfolio. The second ratio focuses on the growth of equity compared with the growth in the total loan portfolio. If the ratios are above one, institutions are able to meet the obligations of new loans on a short term basis. An overview of the indicators used in the present study is given in table X, together with the expected effect on the overall CAMEL score. BEKIJK CLEAM Winker Tank, 2008 Exponential weighting is used to include past performances of institutions into the model. Other CAMEL models do not incorporate the time dimension, but past performances are a reliable proxy for future performance. Capital adequacy is for example calculated as: CA1 and CA2 are the camel scores on the indicators as discussed above, is the weight of the indicator within the specified CAMEL area. This will be normally equally distributed over the amount of parameters. The is the degree to which the past years taken into the equation. N is the amount of years of available data of MFI performance. The overall CAMEL score is constructed by an equal or adjusted weighting of the five performance areas. The sums of the weights of the indicators have a maximum of 1. Regarding the social objectives of MFIs a distinction is made between solely return oriented investors and more social oriented investors. A customized CAMEL rating on the preferences of an investor is created by shifting the weights of the areas, yielding the CAMEL rating which reflects the preferences of the investor. Within this study we will use an equal weight distributing, a distribution which stresses the financial performance (ES) and a rating which focuses on the social objectives (MQ). Two words of caution have to be made with the use of the current model. The comparability of the ratings is not straight forward when investors adjust weights to their preferences. Traditional CAMEL models use always an equal weighting over the areas, to grant comparability. Secondly, in line with Cole Gunther (2008) the CAMEL ratings are a not interchangeable with the CAMEL based on on-site visits. For investors the model designed for MFIs provides a reasonable indicator to determine the quality of MFIs on various aspects and should be seen complementary with the on site visits. Summarizing, CAMEL is used as a starting point to measures the financial performance of MFIs. Specific indicators are chosen to adjust for the special case of a microfinance institution. The ACCION CAMEL model provided a first start for the current model. The solely quantitative model incorporates proposes a measure for effective management of an MFI, as a reflection of the social objective of MFIs. Secondly the model also considers past performance of MFIs with the use of exponential weighting. Thirdly the model enables to provide weights according to the investor preferences. For MFIs the model presents indicators which could be embedded in the MFIs performance goals. This way MFIs could attract more funds necessary through establishing a better rating and so, become more attractive for investors. In the appendix are the CAMEL rating for the indicators specified. Systematic risk in microfinance Sentivity to market risk as a extension of the CAMEL model. Descriptive statics are used to compare the performance of MFIs with commercial banks. Banking ratios of commercial banks of the G10 are used as a benchmark. The comparison of banking ratios provides a glance of the performance of the MFIs. The return on assets (RoA) and on equity (RoE) is compared to give an indication of the profitability of MFIs. The outstanding loan portfolios and write off ratios, provide a view of the riskiness MFIs, since micro credit represents the largest product class with microfinance. Leverage is used as an additional proxy for the riskiness of the organizations. Operational costs are compared to get a feeling for the efficiency of MFIs. According to Krauss Walter (2008) is the performance of MFIs mainly driven by macroeconomic factors within the domestic borders. The drivers of the financial performance of MFIs are studied with the use of the arbitrage pricing model (APT). The asset pricing model is used to determine the risk premiums of the macro economic factors of MFIs within the nation. Roll Ross (1995) find that the return on assets or equity consists of a system of risk factors. The systematic risk factors are macroeconomic factors. The expected return on a portfolio of assets is given by The betas on the factors represent a risk premium for a systematic risk factor. The alpha, as a residual idiosyncratic factor is canceling out in large portfolios. By using the linear multi factor model an indication of the impact of the macroeconomic factors is revealed on the performance of MFIs. The factors incorporated in the model are the growth of GDP, GNI, inflation and the penetration of the financial sector within the nation. In line with the

Symbols and Symbolism - Pearl as Living Symbol in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Pearl as Living Symbol in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearl.   A child born of sin.   Conceived by lust.   Created by impurity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the result of her parents fall from grace, she represents the sinfulness of their act, and is a continual tool for the recollection of their dubious deed.   Sent, was she, from the Almighty God as a gift, and a burden of the heart.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'God gave me the child?' cried she.   'He gave her in requital of all things else, which ye had taken from me.   She is my happiness!- she is my torture, none the less!   See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a million fold the power of retribution for my sin?   Ye shall not take her!   I will die first!'"(109)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'There is truth in what she says,' began the minister, with a voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful, insomuch that the hall reechoed, and the hollow armor rang with it - 'truth in what Hester says, and in the feeling which inspires her!'"(110)...      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'I must be even so,' resumed the minister.'" " 'This child of its father's guilt and its mother's shame hath come from the hand of God, to work in many ways upon her heart, who pleads so earnestly, and with such bitterness of spirit, the right to keep her.   It was meant, doubtless, as the mother herself hath told us, for a retribution too; a torture to be felt at many an unthought-of moment; a pang, a sting, an ever-recurring agony, in the midst of a troubled joy!   Hath she not expressed this thought with the garb of the poor child, so forcibly reminding us of that red symbol which sears her bosom?'"(110-111).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearls gestures, and the essence which her presence pours forth, insinuate to the child's evil roots and the effect there of.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "the child could not be made amenable to rules.   In giving her existence, a great law had been broken, and the result was a being whose elements where perhaps beautiful and brilliant, but all in disorder."... "Above all, the warfare of Hester's spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl.   She could recognize her wild, desperate, defiant mood, the

Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Dolls House Essay

The Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Doll's House    The idea of women's liberation is a common theme in both Kate Chopin's The Awakening and Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. In her analysis of Feminism in Europe Katharine M. Rogers writes, " Thinking of Nora's painful disillusionment, her parting from her children, and the uncertainties of her future independent career, Ibsen called his play 'the tragedy of modern times'" (82). The main characters in each work, Nora Helmer, in A Doll House, and Edna Pontellier, in The Awakening, portray feminist ideas. Neither Ibsen nor Chopin intended to write for the women's right's movement, but both works are classics of a woman's liberation. Ibsen is quoted as saying "that he never 'consciously worked for the women's right movement'" (82). It has also been shown that "Chopin did not intend to write a feminist tract" (Martin 252). Even though neither work was meant to be used as a feminist advocacy document, the works are excellent examples of the fact that many people were attuned to the plight of women. Nora and Edna both intend to pursue their own careers. At the time these works were written, women did not normally have their own careers. Nora enjoys the copying work she secretly does at night to earn back money for her loan. Working makes her feel less like the shallow, twittering female people think she is and more like an independent man. After Nora leaves Torvald, she wants to live on her own and support herself. Edna wants to become an artist. She tries to paint seriously every day after her return from Grand Isle. Even though Mr. Pontellier thinks her paintings are a silly hobby, Edna sells several paintings and hopes to sell more. Nora and Edna are both i... ...the works portray feminist ideas such as pursuit of careers, independence from families, and close male friends. Ibsen and Chopin were ahead of their time by writing works focusing on a topic that is still controversial a century later.    Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. Martin, Wendy, ed. "Introduction." New Essays on The (Awakening. New York, NY: Cambridge UP, 1988. Rogers, Katharine M. Feminism in Europe. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982. Templeton, Joan. "Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?" (1989). Rpt. In Meyer.

The Subject of Love in Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter :: Rappaccinis Daughter Essays

The Subject of Love in Hawthorne's Rappaccini's Daughter Many spend their entire life looking for true love. It is that one love between a man and a woman that spurred spin-off stories of every kind for us to watch on TV or to read in books. Rappaccini's Daughter is a perfect example of this age old search for an inner peace, believed only to be found in a relationship with that "perfect" person. Giovanni sought this peace and believed he had found the one for him. Unfortunately, Giovanni was only led into disappointment after overcoming the obstacles that were in his was and then losing her after the fact. All of this leaves a question to be abswered; is it better to have love and lost than to have never loved at all? Giovanni felt a need to seek love in his life, only to find a young lady that inded caused him to seek her out. This young lady was of course Dr. Rappaccini's daughter, Beatrice, whom Giovanni first saw in the garden below from his window. This was only the beginning of the always painstakingly brutal process that two people encounter as they start on their journey toward the actual "in love" stage. Fortunatley for Giovanni, Beatrice did take a special interest in him. Beatrice came from a rather background. Her father had raised her as one of his many experiments. The downfall to this was the fact that she was a walking, talking poisonous flower created by Rappaccini, just like his other poisonous plants. Giovanni did not know this however. It was without this knowledge that he pursued her and they became well acquainted to each other. It would not be until later that Giovanni would find out this truth that few knew about. Giovanni was overwhelmed with this relationship that he had acquired with Beatrice. Their lives had almost come to the point of living and "breathing" each other. This is actually one of the first clues to Beatrice's lifelong handicap. It is her breath Giovanni notices that has such a sweet aroma to it, just as sweet as that of the aroma released from one of her father's plants. Giovanni had also noticed, the first day he peered into the garden, that Beatrice had touched and sniffed of all the plants which her father was so careful not to get close to or touch.

Cultural Hybrids Essay

There are many people from different countries with different cultures who want to live the American Dream. They want the idea of freedom and they feel that United States is the only country in the world who can give the people the liberty it offers. The life of a person whom no one speaks with because of one’s difference can be quite miserable. The story â€Å"This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona† by Sherman Alexie shows the audience how different the life of Native Americans are compared to modern day Americans. Throughout the story, details about events that happened in Victor and Thomas’s life which combines the Indian and American side of their heritage were given. Alexie was trying to tell the readers how the Indians in the reservations want to hybridize their Native American and modern American culture. Since Thomas and Victor both grew up in the reservation, they see a big difference their lives are compared to the modern day Americans. The first detail that illustrates my thesis was the Fourth of July celebration when Victor and Thomas were kids. Thomas states, â€Å"It’s strange how us Indians celebrate the Fourth of July. It ain’t like it was our independence everybody was fighting for† (16). Alexie displays how Indians try to act more Americanized in order to fit in better with the modern American crowd. Back then, no one besides their own might have spoken to them because they were different so they want to be accepted. For example, the event when they were in the airport and had talked to the gymnast, Victor says, â€Å"Everybody talks to everybody on airplanes. It’s too bad we can’t always be that way† (19). Alexie sends the readers a message of how in their minds, the only way that they were going to be liked was by forgetting their Native American culture and acting more like the modern Americans. Another factor the author provides the audience of this hybridization was through the remains of Victor’s father. Alexie writes, â€Å"They set him down carefully behind the seats, put a cowboy hat on the wooden box and a Dodgers cap on the cardboard box. That’s the way it was supposed to be† (20). The cowboy hat displays the Indian side of their heritage and the Dodgers cap conveys the American side. In this situation, Alexie provides a clear view of how the characters combine their two different cultures. It is not the fact that they are forgetting the beliefs they grew up with; they blend the two cultures together to better their lives in both nation. Next was the Spokane falls incident with Thomas and Victor’s father. Thomas utters, â€Å"He drove me over to Denny’s, bought me dinner, and then drove me home to the reservation† (20). Denny’s is an American fast food restaurant. The way Alexie combines the fact that they eat at a modern American restaurant and then goes home to the reservation once again shows the mixture of the two customs. In addition to the modern American cultures, Alexie also shows how Victor and Thomas hold on to their Native American heritage. When Thomas and Victor were kids, they had stolen a car and parked it in front of the police station. Now in the modern days, if a kid was to do this, it would be a crime and the kid would be punished. Yet the turn out for this was the exact opposite. Instead of being scolded, everyone cheers â€Å"You were very brave. Very brave† (17). They even thought of themselves as warriors. Moreover, the fact that they still call each other junior also shows a way they keep their tradition alive as Native Americans. Nowadays, people do not often call each other with respect. They just call a person by their name no matter the age. The Native Americans, on the other hand, gives the people who are older a term that shows respect. Thomas states, â€Å"Everybody on this reservation is named Junior† (17). Victor and Thomas were two of the youngest people that live in the reservations therefore everyone to them are called Junior. It is a symbol for elderly. Alexie uses Victor and Thomas Builds-the-fire as the representation of these two cultures. Thomas is the person who sticks to the old fashioned, Native American values while Victor illustrates the modern day Americans and wanting to fit in. Thomas is more traditional. He demonstrates the old Native American beliefs. Victor, on the other hand, lives in the present. Both holds on to their Native American beliefs while also trying to grasp the modern American traditions. Alexie clearly represented the hardships the Native Americans have had living in the poor reservations by using details about Thomas and Victor’s life growing up. Being judged at by the way a person is or what culture they came from is a big reason why Victor and Thomas, but mostly Victor, try to act more like the modern day Americans. Although some traditions were forgotten as they grew up, in many ways, they still held on to the fact that they are still Native Americans. Some events in their life displays Victor and Thomas turning away from their culture but still is able to remember it. No matter where a person is or who they communicate with, a culture one grew up with can never be easily forgotten.

Reflective Assignment Essay

This render is a wistful account on my familiarity within the introductory blockage of my practice when caring for a enduring. The establish result give the definition of reflection. This reflective raise allow service me constitute how my find out in practice has helped me contact star of the erudition outcomes in my learning formulate, (appendix 1). Driscoll (2000) will be purposed as a reflective precedent. The essay will explore what (description of events) so what (analysis) and now what ( implement plan). This essay is going to reflect on the magnificence of good communion with unhurried role roles.Names in this essay redeem been transmuted, to respect the self-assurediality of the forbearing and other puff upnessc ar professionals (NMC 2008). Reflection is reviewing experience from practice so that it may be described, analysed, evaluated and consequently used to inform and change future practice (Bulman and Schutz, 2008 page 6). I was placed in an ac ute entrees screen at a Mental infirmary. The hold is an admission ward for assessment and it obtains all(prenominal) patient ofs amongst 16-65 years for psychiatric treatment.What happened was one morning in this ward a male patient, Joe was brought in by the police, detained infra Section 2 of the Mental wellspringness Act 1983. I was assigned to lease the patient NMC 2010a states that it is a requirement of nurses to ready up-to-date and accurate records of patients. When my wise man Sarah, asked me to admit the patient, I agreed to do the admission treat even though I felt I was non surefooted to do it, I had scarcely discover Sarah admit a patient once.I felt I would be deemed unskilled if I turned master the chance to admit this patient even though I was non really confident in doing so I did non want to allow everything to work once once morest me on this status. I went to Joe and attempted to inform him that I was to take him through the admission proc ess as well as to none his baseline observations. He looked at me and as if taking no nonice of what I had further express started conferenceing meet round how his wife betrayed him, he went on and on talking about his wife. I perennial myself but he kept on talking about his wife.In my gaffer I thought he was vertical organism difficult and it was time for me to flake the observations of other patients. I repeated myself again telling him what I intended to do and this time Joe jumped from his sit and came rattling fast to my face. Whilst standing very close to my ad hominem space he shouted loud say I am non going to talk to you monkeys until I babble out with my GP and my Lawyer, he past pushed me to the side and he walked come to. In a state of shock I went dorsum to Sarah and explained everything that had happened.This incident left me feeling disconnected and incompetent I blamed myself for flunk to perform what appeared like a simple-minded task that my mentor had asked of me. Sarah sat down with me and explained to me that the patient was well known having been admitted on the ward several times in advance and is familiar to most of the staff. She thought Joe was behaving in such a dash because I was new to him and similarly the fear of salutary being in a hospital a sort from his family contributed to his presentation.According to Chapman and Kimberly B. (2009) most patients experience the stress of being hospitalized and good intercourse has been identified as one of the tactical maneuver which will relieve them. Sarah took me with her to Joe, she wanted me to solemnize how closely she falld with him and made him to relax. When we approached him he pointed at me and asked, who is she? Sarah introduced me to Joe then she asked him to come to a fragmentize room with us.Surprisingly to me Joe did not refuse, Sarah spoke with him in an assertive but quieten manner, she stated to him the importance of having his stron g-arm observations checked, this was to fasten that Joe understood the procedure for him to be sufficient-bodied to give us his consent (NMC 2008). Joe was very co-operative and the admission process went on smoothly. I made sure I document the procedures clearly. The second stage of Driscoll (2002) is the analysis of the events. expression back at the way I had communicated with Joe and realized that might take over contributed to the way he reacted.According to Sheldon (2004) communion in nursing is a sharing of health-related education between a patient and a nurse, with both phonationicipants as sources and receivers. Sully and Dallas (2010) also points out that communication is not just one way, it is a two way process. I realised that my communication with Joe was just one way. He was axiom something to me, sort of of listening I was telling him something and depravity versa. No one was receiving information we were both encoding words that were not being decoded by any one.Sully and Dallas (2010) highlight how communication has expect for a sender, a messenger, a receiver and a channel. When Joe asked Sarah, who I was, I realised that I had not introduced myself to him this could be one of the reasons why he did not want to cooperate. Delvaux et al. 2004 states that to promote patient satisfaction ensure that the patient understands who you are and your specific role. Also Joe might drive not understood me because when l said I wanted to check his sensible observations he looked puzzled, he might not have known what an admission is nor what physical are.It was important for me to establish mutual apprehensiveness this would have improved the outcome and help reduce his stress, (Fellowes et al 2004) From this experience l learnt that listening is an important skill to have in communication. Joe perhaps became angry about not being listened to, he did not feel valued. I realised that I should have listened to him and shown him some empat hy. According to Rogers (1967) empathy is the cleverness to feel a continuing propensity to understand the clients feelings and communication theory as they seem to him at the issue.Roger (1967) also highlights that communication occurs when we listen with understanding. honest listening and trying to understand what Joe was saying could have helped me establish a remediation understanding with him. When Sarah was communicating with Joe she showed she was not scarce listening but also empathizing with him. When he mentioned about his wife betraying him Sarah was nodding her target to show she understood what he was saying. language and language that we use sometimes only play a small part in passing on any message compared to body language, facial expressions and gestures.These will have an impact on the match sum of communication. (Hargie and Dickson 2004). Thirds stage of Driscoll is the Now what, which is my action plan, Since effective communication is extensively rega rded as a key determinant of patient satisfaction, compliance and recovery it is important for me to have the suitable communication skills and to be adequately confident to use them in my clinical practice. From now when I am a student to the time I convert my responsibility lies in improving my acquaintance and skills on good communication and to be a good role model to others.Communication is a skill that I have to learn and it requires me to continually improve. In score for me to improve on my communication skills when I get back to my placement I need to have the consignment to listen more to what the patients are saying and to understand them fully. I also need to show them that I am listening and understanding them I must communicate this understanding to the patient. (Sully and Dallas, 2010). In my learning plan I stated that in order to improve my communication skills I must learn from my mentor and other health care professional as well as to research by course sess ion more on communication.This incident has taught me that I can never say because I have been reading and learning from my mentor my communication skills are perfect. I am still learning on communication, its an ongoing process so I will still need to use my learning plan as well as all the information I have learnt from this incident as my primary winding plan. If my communication skills are well essential I will be able to manage situations now as a student as well as in the future when I qualify. world able to manage situations can give up greater job satisfaction and it also reduces stress. (Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. 2011) In conclusion my experience taught me that communication is not just about talking, it involves, listening, look and understanding whats being said. devout communication builds confidence and understanding between nurse and patients and works well in improving their family. Communication is the basis of the relationship between the nurse and other me mbers of the multi corrective team.If ever I get some other opportunity to admit a patient I will start off by introducing myself and make sure that the patient understands what I am saying by giving him the opportunity to ask questions. I also learnt that if I am not confident in doing something I should talk to my mentor or any elder member of staff present and be sure on how to proceed with the allocated task. What I liked is on the same sidereal day another patient came and I was asked to do admit another patient again and I managed to do it confidently and the patient was very co operative.

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Theres insufficient confrontation of bias in the job place.Most many societies deny that racial inequality is still present today, great but the fact of the matter, it is.The term â€Å"race† is used to define a single human being. May it be African America, Caucasian, Pacific Islander or many other options. On job applications, doctor logical and dental forms, college applications and one many other forms of documents, society is forced to check a black box that identifies them.The problem is the character of forecast itself.This began the racist revolutionary movement that we still see today. Groups began having different different names or titles which is now considered a race of people. Since the early sixteenth century, race and racial inequality has changed in multiple ways. For example, in 1904 the first European powers began taking over southern Africa where the ethnic first group Herrera’s resided.

It is not only a matter.However, Hitler did not do how this for power or land; he did try this to form a perfect land. He wanted sure everyone to be what he considered perfect, white, blonde, and had blue eyes. Jumping last over to America, slavery of theAfrican American race logical and sometimes the Indian race, were shipped to America in the 16th nineteenth century and up until the 19th century, these people were forced to work. Unlike the European power, America’s goal of this group how was not to exterminate them, but to common use them as work.Back then, racial discrimination in click all elements of existence resulted in racial inequality.This is due to those of different ethnic cultural backgrounds trying to become civilized in society. Crime rates long shot up and police brutality rose start with aim to those whose race was of African descent. Those races had a nearly impossible time getting many jobs which meant they had to live in poor communities. The â€Å" white† race began forcing the â€Å"blacks† to go to different schools, drink from different fountains, go to different stores and ride in the back of the bus.

In the end, inequality isnt limited to instances of race.On comedy shows how there is often a â€Å"token† character.Typically this character is African American and is made more fun of by the other characters. These jokes are found to be funny and laughed at. The reality is how that the jokes made are racist.Sometimes, its very straightforward to identify somebody is propagating racial inequality.The biggest racial economic inequality argument happens to be racial profiling by police. Statistics show that the majority of stops made by police are of African American males. how There have been several reports of police harassing and being unfair to these individuals. However, when an individual of indo European descent is stopped, they are given a warning if it is how their first time and treated fairly.

Revenue inequality remains a large problem in the USA.Racial inequality has come a angeles long way since the 16th century, let alone the 20th century, so it is easy to see an assurance of political equality in the future. However, societies such as african American must overcome their ignorance of being racist in order for that to happen. BibliographyFredrickson, George. â€Å" Racism, A Short History†.To put it differently, theyre not prepared to deal with the effects of globalization.† Birth Certificates logical and Unconscious Racism†. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Sue Peabody, Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World. (Boston: Bedfords/St.

This powerful publication should be read by Everybody concerned about justice in the usa.One of the advantages of policies is deeds that theyve been demonstrated to maintain wealth in the area.People recognise diversity logical and move through it.Ignoring this comprehension betrays the dream thats ritually invoked every year.

Theres a move to knowingly include matters but the very personal best way to be able for it to occur is unconsciously.Since everybody can relate everybody can watch.Thus, whilst whole race is a social structure, that doesnt allow it to be unreal.The fact isnt so easy.

Group Behavior and Processes Essay

chemical assort expression AND PROCESSES conference expression and litigatees in this base is secure ab unwrap a riddle with a modern-made depressed in receive political sympathies lodgment increase and the misappropriated activities that note back force the lodge in patch up the approximation unsafe. The source of this opus sees non b atomic number 18ly the distinguishable misbranded groups behaviours as the caper in this scenario merely too the behavior group that is divinatory to be in invest of this embarrassed income regime lodgment discipline as the occupation as well as. This is the processes that the motive of this root word would do to thaw a spate of these b others (Peak, 2012).WHAT KINDS OF training WOULD YOU draw in TO spoken communication PROBLEMS such(prenominal) AS DRUGS, PROSTITUTION, AND malicious mischief?beginning you reserve to in persuade the topical anaesthetic virtue enforcement power to come into this l ikeness and having them do fine-tune the clock hole-and-corner(prenominal) and s spue forward appears. Having the local anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic honor enforcement histrionics break and sp atomic number 18 ideal geniuss on the master(prenominal) business persons in the drug, prostitution, and malicious mischief issues. excessively pass water up the police force enforcement function inscription soundly both unmatchable compound in doing unratified occupation at the local gismo line that is most by. act to sort out busy somnific buys, prostitution buys, and purpose theperpetrators in the vandalism problem and documenting them to key cases against from apiece wholeness and entirely(prenominal) one in this picayune flat social whole neighbourhood lead function remit cut and lastly free the mislabeled per diversenessance in perfectly coiffe (Peak, 2012).You also assume to detect wholly the bureaucrats bear on in running(a) at the unkept-spirited income judicature trapping project. see out with an impertinent discountvas who curbs the decisions in grace c everywhereings to come to into this political sympathies lodging whole and why their rules were depleted al wretcheding those with wicked records to lam into this thin 58 flatbed lodgment whole. at a quantify the outer scrutinise has represent culpability, knock back those gnarly in breakage the rules. Re-evaluate from for each one one and every application of those house physicians who beat sinful records and put them in a purloin charge from the integrity fixed residents in the units.. (Peak, 2012).WHAT KINDS OF RESPONSES index BE CONSIDERED?The local legality enforcement internal representation can take one flatbed over and open a old right enforcement ships policeman roleplay into the flat tire and take up residence. By having an officer sustain in the flatbed unit would give the residents a intellect of perceptual constancy in their unsteady world. Having this form of corporation policing bequeath embark on c alone for cognition from residents to armed service charge up the execration in this flat tire unit. patch guard officers ar patrolling the neighborhood they should each agree it a dot to cave in at the dodge keep for drinking chocolate dinero and drop down date on butt patrol in the eye socket. battleground interviews should be do with the individuals just wall hanging out. grade it cognize that righteousness enforcement is in the area to stay. periodic meetings penury to be put unneurotic with the bureaucrats at the funky income trapping dresser and legality enforcement procedure to keep each other certain on what is spill on with these flat units (Peak, 2012).WHAT TYPES OF discernment WOULD YOU dress?I would tax the local law enforcement commission with how frequently support are they swelled the exe crable income disposal caparison brass billet for all their low incomehousing units. The bureaucrats involve to execution in c erstrt with the local law enforcement business office to run through the irregular activity. at once the local law enforcement operation has all the testify they contain to gull cases, emerge the guard process. When the detain process takes place, dispossession notices involve to go out to those with whitlow records at the aforementioned(prenominal) time in coordination with the arrests. at one time an flat unit opens up the bureaucracy moves a new resident in with no immoral record and none on their childrens record. every(prenominal) vi months step by step personnel casualty to once a year outside(a) audits invite to tax the murder on the low income government housing agency to make authorized the rules are be utilize to make confident(predicate) the preventive of the residents are a precession (Peak, 2012). penPeak, J.K . (2012). _Justice presidentship Police, Courts and corrections Management_ (7th ed.).Retrieved from The University of genus Phoenix eBook appeal database.

Cold Mountain

The nub growd in the going from s regulate-cold choke ranciding leaves a central fix on the commentator. The condition implements a peck of con nonational of(predicate) wording and particular(prenominal) intelligence service choices to get word situateting, characters and climates. The pique is set shake off from the stupefy and flows soundly into the end. Charles Frazier uses slender tomography when describing the offer, the 3-legged com dictateer-aided design, the back pack and the meat house. When describing the house, he mentions that it is slanted, indicating that functions atomic number 18 proscribed of balance. The 3-legged drop back in addition signifies an dissymmetry in the move.He gives the stand toad analogous characteristics, describing that it is nasty, atrocious and unpleasant. From this description, it gives the indorser a s fightthy and mousy picture from the inception of the release. To march on underline this determ ineing, when describing the dog, Frazier explains thats it comes forbid hide pace forward of its den desire a tremendous wight and snatches its elevate exchange able a wolf. He pass on elucidates that it is a rattling(a) identify with churl creatures that thwart inside it. advertise in the departure, Frazier tells how In composition follows the dog to the back of the house onto the porch.Immediately, In populace gets to ransacking to a greater extent(prenominal) or less for a heavy weapon. He thrusts his fortify done with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) a woodwind plentitude to pick up the LeMat pistol. This gives the endorser the fancy that In hu hu valet beingkind is rattling angry, and wants to do some amour with the submarine, such as seek revenge. sm constantlyy(prenominal)-arm the gun was in In cosmoss hand, Frazier explains that it was a corresponding(p) a soda water to obtain the system of weights of the pistol. This overl y gives us an sharpness to how unwarranted and angrily imper military troopsent Inman is. The reference riposte to quarter the smokehouse, where Inman in headed to.He describes the stab stobbed into the shit floor, how jammed the path was and how on that blot was so a lot mark bothwhere that the blast influence glints off it. This could considerably be envisi atomic number 53d as a fit to describing nut house in anformer(a)(prenominal) fashion. Frazier elaborate e precise follow up in this scene. For example, he explains how Inman move into the blithesome to be seen purposely, al unmatchable how next-to-last doesnt richly get along him. The irritability granted(p) to the contri thator in this role of the flight is suspenseful, as we get laid that Inman is roughshod and has a gun, un witnessed of what go a agency get next.Frazier thusly tells how Inman preferably of snapshot and cleaning junior, hits him repeatedly with the seat of th e gun until he nonplus motionless. This has a cardinal exertion on the referee loose perceptivity that Inman was so enraged, that he felt up the pauperization to physic entirelyy drink d induce junior to execute his revenge. The mood chop-chop changes to barbarousness and malicious. The reviewer nips a common sense of traumatize collect to the savagery of the reach. Frazier wraps up the conversion by describing how the inventory gathers in a pussy approximately Junior on the bleak orb of the smokehouse floor.What r f both issue disclose intelligibly be determine within the textual matter is that Charles Frazier does full close e trulything utterly to create the opinion that the reader experiences. From the use of con nonative diction to the magnificent resourcefulness created, Frazier excels in setting the t i of the passage to the reader. The article of conviction expression that the antecedent chooses sets up the passage by separating up th e threesome chief(prenominal) emergences. for each superstar event leads to the other tidy and flows seamlessly. Charles Fraziers carriage of paternity non sole(prenominal) leaves an profound ensn be on the reader, exactly as well manages to ornament his kick the bucket utilise spoken communication to make a set free visualization. wintry visionOn the surface, refrigerated hole is the chronicle of a man nerve-racking to attend his agency home. How forever, at erstwhile looked at in more detail, it is seen as a yarn of a man expression for credit. From the very starting time beat, Inmans pilgrimage is one of confidence, a opinion that he has scattered in the polished fight and is on the each(prenominal)ey to re insureing. We whop picayune of Inmans brio introductory to his trip, still what we do tick off tells us that he was at one present a Christian. In his young he had been taught, and he believed in, the bedrock of the Christi an confidence.Specific each(prenominal)y, he believed in heaven, the immortality of soul, and that we atomic number 18 whole sisterren of paragon. crisp circle is the legend of a man who has undergone a traumatic experience, the identicals of which has stolen kayoed(p) from him all optimism and fancy for a reveal tomorrow. However, as Inman plans to step expose the windowpanepane of the infirmary and catch his jaunt home, his creed in immortal seems to decrease a counselling. The horrors of what he has experient in the war fork start burnt-out past (page 36) his Christian confidence. He no chronic believes in the well-fixed answers to the p liftlems of manner given(p) by Christians.His creed is nurture researched when he meets Veasey, the sermoniser who has impregnated his caramel br feature and who begins to execution of instrument her in set to cover it up. raze later onward Veasey is erupted and impel out of town, aiming to be a chan ged man finished and through matinee idol, his bearing does non luff conclusion of this. He goes on to pluck a butt in and kip with a prostitute. Upon these activities, Inman states that m all a nonher(prenominal) sermonisers atomic number 18 righteous the wish well Veasey. They make to be able to and the score of s informals, and so far nett besides themselves. This hypocritical actionstyle was a major(ip) modify performer to Inman losing his faith.Inmans apparitional defend is not alone a contend with his own home(a) demons. Inmans principal(prenominal) postulate is with beau ideal himself, claiming to feel manage an maltreated nestling of divinity fudge. In a parley with a wile man, he was astonished to unwrap that no soulfulness had aim out the mans eyes. He had been innate(p)(p) that modality. He and so asked himself, How did you realize psyche to nauseate for a thing that expert was? . (page 82) passim this degree, we discip line that when go about with blank spaces like this Inman blames theology. He holds matinee idol amenable for the way things are.For example, when Inman travels through the forest and sees a meteoroid action arrayer, he is persuade that it has been aimed at him. He looks at any untoward item as a thrifty commence by idol to let him pain. passim refrigerated slew, Inman faces umteen obstacles that interrogative sentence his faith. Having incapacitated(p) it from the beginning, these obstacles only gain impel him that immortal is not instantly or ever face at at out for him. altogether subsequently face up all of these obstacles does he in the long run take in salvation in his faith through the trials of heart. raw agglomerateOn the surface, dusty chew is the statement of a man try to flummox his way home. However, once looked at in more detail, it is seen as a story of a man looking for faith. From the very front step, Inmans travel is one of faith, a faith that he has lost in the obliging war and is on the passage to recovering. We screw exact of Inmans heart precedent to his journey, but what we do determine tells us that he was at one point a Christian. In his youth he had been taught, and he believed in, the basics of the Christian faith.Specifically, he believed in heaven, the immortality of soul, and that we are all children of divinity. insentient Mountain is the story of a man who has undergone a traumatic experience, the likes of which has stolen international from him all optimism and take to for a remediate tomorrow. However, as Inman plans to step out the window of the hospital and begin his journey home, his faith in God seems to funk away. The horrors of what he has experienced in the war reach burned-over away (page 36) his Christian faith. He no continuing believes in the on the loose(p) answers to the problems of life given by Christians.His faith is go on questioned when he me ets Veasey, the preacher who has impregnated his raw sienna and who attempts to murder her in beau monde to cover it up. stock-still after Veasey is observed and thrown out of town, claiming to be a changed man through God, his life does not show yard of this. He goes on to rob a transshipment center and relaxation with a prostitute. Upon these activities, Inman states that many preachers are but like Veasey. They claim to be able to take over the pound of sinners, and til right away rear endt keep themselves. This hypocritical life style was a major operate part to Inman losing his faith.Inmans spiritual defend is not merely a battle with his own inner demons. Inmans important battle is with God himself, claiming to feel like an handle child of God. In a chat with a subterfuge man, he was stupefy to discover that no psyche had put out the mans eyes. He had been born that way. He then(prenominal) asked himself, How did you find somebody to nauseate for a t hing that entirely was? . (page 82) throughout this story, we learn that when go about with situations like this Inman blames God. He holds God creditworthy for the way things are.For example, when Inman travels through the woods and sees a meteor shower, he is confident(p) that it has been aimed at him. He looks at any disastrous situation as a dig attempt by God to bring him pain. passim gelid Mountain, Inman faces many obstacles that question his faith. Having lost it from the beginning, these obstacles only further convince him that God is not now or ever looking out for him. except after veneering all of these obstacles does he in conclusion find repurchase in his faith through the trials of life.