Impacts of migration on labour market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Impacts of migration on labour market - Essay Example The best design depends on the research question as well as the orientation of the researcher. The UK National Statistics will provide the much needed secondary information through the UK Labour Forces Survey data. This method is most appropriate for collecting information about the impacts of migration in the UK labour markets. Only the secondary data is used in this study. The design is also suitable because it gives an in-depth description of the phenomena in their existing setting. This fits well when describing how migration has affected the labor market in terms of employment and other sectors of the economy. Descriptive survey is also preferred because it is economical in collecting data from over a large sample with high data turn over. The study have both qualitative and quantitative approaches since the research will need to survey the respondents in various variables such as ethnicity, nationality, country of origin and many others. This will be an appropriate variable in collecting and summarizing data that will be used in analyzing the impacts of migration in the UK labour market. This research strategy has been considered necessary because of its ability to view comprehensively and in detail the major questions raised during the LFS survey. Data sources The study will lie mainly on secondary data sources. The main data source that will be used in the analysis is the UK Labour Forces Survey (LFS). The United Kingdom Labour Forces Survey is a sample of households living at private addresses in the Unite Kingdom. The main objective of LFS is the provision of vital information regarding United Kingdom labour market that can be then utilized in developing, managing, evaluation, and reporting important facts about the labour market policies. Office of the National Statistics is responsible for conducting LFS. Apart from census, Labour Forces Survey is the only comprehensive sources of information about all aspects of the labour market. Since the first L abour Forces Survey that was conducted in 1992, the sample size has been maintained at about 60,000 households in the United Kingdom in each quarter. This sample size represents about 0.2% of the total UK population. While conducting the Labour Forces Survey, the respondents are asked questions regarding personal circumstances such as: ethnicity, country of birth, nationality, and year of arrival in the United Kingdom; and their labour market status during a certain period normally 1-4 weeks before the survey. The Labour Forces Survey is a rotating panel dataset. That is, respondents are interviewed for five consecutive quarters and then leave the sample. In every quarter, one fifth of the sample is interviewed for the first time, one for the second time, and so on. Individuals are asked about their wage in their first and fifth interview only (Dustman, Glitz & Frattini 2008, p.11). The LFS was preferred for this study because it allows for intertemporal comparison of data. In addit ion, the LFS comprises of population weights, which allows for production of tables which give population estimates. It is worth noting that, the construction of population weights does not consider the concept of country of birth or nationality. The researcher has utilized the LFS for the years 1994-2010. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Figure 1 shows employment rate in the UK between 1994 and 2010. The employment rate is also divided into four main categories (UK

Described by Dickens Essay Example for Free

Described by Dickens Essay The extended metaphor at the end of the first chapter depicts the children as vessels or jars, to be filled to the top with facts until they are full. The metaphor portrays the children as inanimate objects, which shows the reader the arrogance of Gradgrind:  Vessels then and there arranged in order ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim.  Dickens describes them as if they are empty and know nothing. Therefore they have to learn facts whether they like it or not. The short sentences and repetition in the sentences of the opening of the second chapter aids the description of Gradgrind as it shows the reader there is no manipulating this man and what you see is what you get. He will never change his mind.  The extended metaphor, a kind of cannonaway shows the reader Gradgrinds idea of how children should be properly educated. He believes that imaginations are to be stormed away and children should mature through facts. He is described like a cannon loaded to the muzzle with facts this shows the harshness of his character and the machine-like qualities he holds. Sissy Jupe is described by Dickens as dark-eyed and dark-haired her skin is tanned as Sissy has grown up with the circus she has an interesting background and a creative imagination; she is not just filled with facts. The colour of her eyes and hair reflects her traveller background. Whereas, Bitzer is described by Dickens as light-eyed and light-haired. His skin seems to be white, in contrast to Sissys tanned complexion. This description shows the harshness of the Victorian education system, on his appearance. The audience has no sympathy for the coldness of his character even though he is seen as a model pupil from a model school by Gradgrind, who has forced out any imagination Bitzer had and filled him with facts. His description of a horse compared to Sissys attempt shows the reader the machine-like almost robotic manner in which he is able to reel off facts: Quadruped. Graminivorous.  His character is the opposite of Sissy. Gradgrind refers to her as a number, yet to Bitzer by name, as Sissy has only been at the school for a short time, but is referred to as Girl number twenty as she is new to the school her education is not as Gradgrind would like it to be, this in turn alienates her.  During the fifth chapter, we meet the characters Sissy and Bitzer again as their chase come to a halt when they bump into Gradgrind. After explaining why she was running, Gradgrind comments, as he cannot understand why Sissy should be run after: Run after? repeated Mr Gradgrind. Who would run after you?'  Gradgrind does not know Sissy, and sees her as an outcast. He does not see why she should be run after, and cannot understand why someone would want her. His question is answered when Bitzer enters in the next paragraph. He is described as the colourless boy. This creates lack of empathy in the reader towards Bitzer and how he has been manipulated by Gradgrind and the school. As Bitzer is running after Sissy, although described as without fancy (colourless), he still is a child as he was pulling faces to scare Sissy. Once escorted by Sissy to her home, we see Sissys fears of Gradgrind through the way she talks to him. She also seems embarrassed by the state of her home:  This is it, sir, and if you wouldnt mind, sir this is the house.  Sissys politeness to Gradgrind, as well as showing a well-mannered child also show how nervous she is around him, and the fear she has of him. Sissy is frightened of Gradgrind as she sees that as she is from a poor lifestyle, because of the shabbiness of her home, she will not be allowed to continue her studies, as those with a proper education will do better in the future. The audience empathises with Sissy because of this. In conclusion, Gradgrind has a stern manner and is very controlling of his pupils and his children because he is a very hard character he is a man of realities. Bitzer is a machine-like character; his white face reflects the coldness of his life with only facts in it. This contrasts to Sissys character, which is imaginative, because she lacks the proper formal education Bitzer has received. Hard Times is based on, and shows, Dickenss view of rejection, to the callous determination of Victorian greed. The audience empathises with Sissy the most as her character seems to be lost and the most fragile. The audience do not empathise with Gradgrind because of his stern and cold nature, which, as Bitzer becomes a model student, causes the audience to empathise with neither of the two characters.

Perception Of Homosexual In Society

Perception Of Homosexual In Society We had know that the homosexual simply mean a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Nowadays, homosexuality had influenced in society but it is still in discussing, the society either accepts this behavior or not. Some of the society said that homosexuality is unhealthy and immoral behaviour which will give negative impact towards individuals, families and societies. Therefore, some argument had been made to the homosexuality. Arguments against homosexuality Most of the society had argued that homosexuality is harmful towards societies. This argument seems to be common, but has no clear meaning. Most of the society just knows that homosexuality is referring to the sexual orientation but it may also not. If homosexuality is referring to sexual orientation, then its harmfulness is depends on the act performance in homosexuality. Homosexuality itself does not have any harmful in any sense, but if the performance of act which is harmful is included in homosexuality, then it is. But there is still a contradiction, the statement above had claimed that harmful towards society but the act in homosexuality is just harmful for individuals or small group of people. Therefore, this statement shows that society had argued about homosexuality without fully understanding. A unique argument against homosexuality, Homosexuals do not reproduce and this lead to a threat to the survival of society, also said among the societies. This statement has clearly showed that homosexuality is not good in society, but it may be a good way. First, keep in mind that the serious overpopulation problem of the earth nowadays in some of the countries and homosexuality can overcome this problem. Second, someone had asked that why all the people must have children even if there is no problem of overpopulation. Homosexual is just existed in a small population on all the culture, thus this has minor or no effect towards the population of people. For addition, homosexuality can fulfill the desire of sexual relationship of the following people: people who do not want children and people who inability to have children. This show that the argument above seems to be used, and sounds like homosexuality can be good. Third, on the other hands, if we read through the history of homose xuality, there are many information about homosexuals do have children. Due to the social disapprobation, many homosexuals had married with person of the opposite sex and had children. This show that the persons who claimed about homosexuality pose a threat toward the society is because of they do not fully understand about homosexuality. And lastly, will human species become extinct if all of the people were homosexuals? This is not true because homosexual can reproduce children via insemination. Society also claimed that homosexuality will posed a threat to children. This is not true because most of the people had misunderstanding that if a homosexual do molestation on children, then that children will also become homosexual. A research about this fact had been carried out and the result is molestation cannot determine children become homosexual or heterosexual. For addition, the molestation of children mostly done by heterosexual compared with homosexual. Besides that, by teaching children about homosexual can help children to feel attracted towards the children with same sex, and also to make children feel better about whom they are because of the loneliness and fear about society reaction among the homosexual. If there is a good teaching, this can help the children to grow up in healthy and self-confident. Furthermore, homosexuals are also human beings, who have the feeling of love and care of the children, which same with heterosexuals. An argument, Homosexuality is a sad lifestyle and very depressing, also been said in the society. First, we must know that the actual reason of a homosexual become sad or depress because a homosexual life will not cause any negative emotion towards any people. So, the society cannot argue that the depression of homosexuality without any basis knowledge. Most of the people sad and depress for another reason, and also there is no evidence shows that the homosexual is sadder. Homosexuals are desire to have sex with different partners, this thought seems to be common in some of the society. This is true, but somewhat bias. To tell the truth, heterosexuals are more desire for sex with different partners than homosexuals. The society cannot just point all the negative argument towards homosexuals. First, the degree of desire is differences between male and female (not between homosexuals and heterosexual). Males have higher degree of desire than female. However, even if someone argued that homosexuals are more promiscuous than heterosexual, this will be fine if both partners agreed with. Therefore, the statement above is just a wrong concept in the society since everyone has different degree of desire and not only for homosexuals. Someone had argued that homosexuality has higher rate to cause AIDS, and other diseases. According to the UNAIDS, there is only five to ten percent of HIV infections caused by male homosexuals, but there is seventy to seventy-five percent of HIV infections caused by heterosexuals. We also cannot conclude that heterosexuals has higher rate to cause disease since the sex-related disease is caused by unsafe sex and this hold for all of the people. Same with other diseases, they are just caused by the negative behavior of the patients. On the same way, the low rate of causing disease among the homosexuals has low or no threat towards the society. To conclude, there is no clear evidence shows that homosexuals has higher rate to cause diseases but in opposite way. Lastly, is homosexuality undermining religious and stability in society? Most of the society agreed with this but it is also a wrong statement. First, it is incorrect to say that religious can bring stability to society. The stability of society is created through a well-functioning society with caring individuals without any religion at all. Second, homosexuals themselves also have their own religions. For example, the conservative people thought that homosexuals are negative towards Christianity (mostly in Western countries), but actually homosexuals are also Christians who having a good behavior. In conclusion, the argument of homosexual is less religious than others is totally wrong in the society. In conclusion, the modern society had not fully understanding about homosexuality and give out only the negative impact of homosexuality. Psychologists and psychoanalysts view against homosexuality Homosexuality is not universally viewed as pathology. In the modern time, the society had set the homosexuality as unnatural act among the people. Therefore, several psychologists and psychoanalysts had pointed out their own view against homosexual. Richard von Krafft-Ebing had defined homosexuality as a degenerative sickness in his Psychopathia Sexualis. He had argued that homosexual behavior is not useful to the society but rather creates a harmless Criminal Class. He noticed that male homosexuals are not more likely to be child molestation. Later, both Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis had adopted better and more acceptable views. Havelock Ellis argued that homosexuality was natural and not immoral, thus it is not a disease. He also states that homosexuals made a outstanding contributions to the society. On the other hand, Sigmund Freud, a well known psychologist, had stated the basic theory of human sexuality which was different with Elliss theory. He believed that all human beings were bisexual when born, and when grows up, they will became either heterosexual or homosexual depends on their own experiences in their life with anyone they contact or communicate. On the same way, Freud agreed with Ellis that homosexuality should not be looked as a form of pathology. His view against homosexual also clearly stated in a well known letter to an American mother in 1935. In the letter, he stated that although homosexuality has no advantages, but it is also nothing to be ashamed of, no guilty, no degradation, cannot classified as unnatural disease. He also said that people should considered homosexuality as a sexual development in a human beings. For addition, many highly respectable people are homosexuals include Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Although Sigmund Freuds theories were accepted by most of the society, but later on, some of the psychoanalysts did not follow his view. Sandor Rado (1940 and 1949) had rejected Freuds concepts of inherent bisexuality. He argued that heterosexuality is natural while homosexuality is just a behavior to fulfill the sexual pleasure. Bieber (1962) argued that homosexuality is a result of the relationship within pathological family during the oedipal periods. Charles Socarides (1968), on the same way, though about the causes of the homosexuality and the result was pre-oedipal, even more pathological than earlier analysis. The arguments above seem to be theoretical but it is just based on their own views and may bias. First, the researchers should not pre-expect the result of several experiments to avoid the bias but such procedures have not been used in the studies of homosexuality. Second, psychoanalysts had only examined homosexuals who already under psychiatric care. Therefore the patients views cannot be assumed to represent all of the general population. On the same token, psychoanalysts just draw conclusion about all heterosexuals based on only a few data collected from heterosexual psychiatric patients. Alfred Kinsey, a more tolerant researcher towards homosexuality had conducted a research on the sexual behavior among American adults. His research had revealed that the participants who having the homosexual behavior is because of the point of orgasm after 16 years old. Furthermore, Kinsey and his colleagues reported that only a minority of male and female had homosexuality for at least three years between 16 to 55 years old. This gives a more acceptable concept about the homosexuality in the society An innovative study had been carried out by Hooker (1957). She had given out the question of the difference in psychological adjustment between homosexuals and heterosexuals rather than simply accepting the concepts of homosexuality as pathology. She also recruited a sample of normal behavior, homosexual men in society for research rather than studying psychiatric patients. On the same way, she employed some experts to rate the adaptation of men without any earlier knowledge of their sexual orientation. After that, she conducted three projects tests which are the Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and Make-A-Picture-Story (MAPS) to groups of homosexual males and heterosexual males, which consists of 30 participants each. All of the participants were not in therapy and matched for age, IQ and education. In her projects, she concluded that homosexuality is not inherently connected with psychopathology. Freedman (1971) used Hookers projects to study homosexuality and heterosex uality within women and the result was same with Hooker. Gonsiorek (1982) had conducted various psychological tests of comparing homosexual and heterosexual on he found that both groups regularly graded within a normal range although there is some difference between two groups. He concluded that homosexuality is unrelated to psychological interference. In conclusion, some of the psychologists and psychoanalysts still have negative personal thinking towards the homosexuality. However, most of projects and tests had supported the idea of homosexuality is a form of mental illness nowadays.

Disciplinary Spanking Is Not Child Abuse Essay -- Effective Use of Cor

Child abuse is an issue within society that effects the lives of not only the victims but also the lives of many people in the social order. Child abuse is any mistreatment or neglect of a child that results in non-accidental injury or harm and which cannot be logically explained. There are several forms of abuse and neglect and many state governments have developed their own legal description of what constitutes child maltreatment for the purposes of removing a child and prosecuting a criminal charge. Child abuse consists of different forms of harm including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Physical abuse is any non-accidental physical injury to a child. Physical abuse is an injury that results from physical aggression. Types of physical abuse can consist of beating, whipping, hitting, pinching, biting, or spanking. Spanking is the most used, traditional form of physical punishment, consisting in a beating applied on the buttocks. It involves striking the buttocks repeatedly, usually as a physical punishment, with an open hand. Spanking can also be implemented including belts, whips, rods, paddles, or any other household item. Educators and parents usually administer spankings to children. Spanking usually refers to a child lying, stomach down, across the educator's lap and the parent or teacher repeatedly swatting the child's backside. The issue of spanking is whether it is justifiable or an act of child abuse. Some child specialists, such as Christine Walsh and Michael Boyle, argue that if a parent must administer a spanking, it should not be through anger and only as a last option when other forms of discipline have been deemed unsuccessful. They say that for a spanking to be instructive it must be... ...their child while obviously angered, that emotion is likely to be very noticeable to the child. Unfortunately, that anger is all too likely to become attached to the punishment, resulting in the unwanted link of: mad parent = pain. A serene, calm parent is very much less likely to turn out to be an active part of the negative memory. Obviously, this is completely up to the judgment of the parent, but I have a tendency to concur that not only is spanking less likely to be abused if lightly applied, but also it maintains a better influence when it is applied. I would declare only when there clearly doesn't seem to be any other way of getting through to the child. Spanking is unquestionably not the only effective punishment, and perhaps not even the best, nevertheless I consider it to be effective, when applied carefully, in relation with other teaching mechanisms.

Infancy

Psychosocial Stages of Development- Infancy and Toddlerhood There are two stages of psychosocial stages of development that occur in Infancy and Toddlerhood. In this discussion I will be discussing them and the elements in each. In Infancy the two stages of psychosocial development are trust vs. mistrust, these two stages are very important for the mental development of a child. This stage lasts from birth to two years old. During this stage an infant learns the stages of trusting their caregiver to take care of their needs.According to Erik Erikson, this stage in an infant’s development is a direct correlation to the levels of trust they will have as adults (Newman & Newman, 2102). For example, as an infant cries for their caregiver to meet basic needs such as feeding, diaper changes, or if the infant simply needs love and attention they are learning to develops a sense of trust in their caregiver and how quickly, or if all, their needs are being met.As a toddler, childre n are taught right from wrong and learn to trust their own perceptions. These are all important characteristics that will shape the child as they grow into adults. Erikson’s psychosocial theory explains the toddler’s self-identity and fear of separateness (Newman & Newman, 2012). As a Toddler, the crisis that exists is that between autonomy and shame or guilt (Newman & Newman, 2012). This is very important because the toddler begins to find their own way separate from their parents coaching.They feel shame or guilt if something they do goes wrong or it does not turn out the way they thought. If they do something that they sense as bad and their caregiver does not encourage them to try again, the toddler may experience anger or resentment toward other people as they age. As a mental health counselor, my knowledge of the stages of infancy and toddlers will help me serve individuals, students and families more effectively. I believe that every adult is a direct re flection of his or her childhood.The mental state of my clients is heavily determined by the way they grew up and the love and attention they received. To better understand this theory will give me a blueprint and research to ask questions regarding the relationship with their parents and their childhood experiences. If there is a family that is having problems communicating with each other, it will be a great tool to use to make a synopsis of the causes of the lack of communication or other negative behaviors.Erik Erikson’s, theory is a well thought out theory that all counselors can use to better understand the reasoning of their clients behavior. It will be a great theory to discuss with my clients to help them make a direct connection to their childhood experiences as well.References: Newman, B. , & Newman, P. (2012). Development through life: A psychosocial approach (11th ed. ) (L. Schreiber-Ganster, Ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. (Original work pub lished 2009)

The Basic English Grammar Rules eBook (PDF)

The Basic English Grammar Rules eBook (PDF) The Basic English Grammar Rules eBook (PDF) The Basic English Grammar Rules eBook (PDF) By Daniel Scocco Last year we had a series called English Grammar 101, where the basic grammar rules were covered. Many readers asked if it was possible to transform that series into an ebook. We thought that the idea was good indeed, and started working on it. Maeve edited the whole thing, adding examples and formating the sections. The ebook (in PDF format) is finally ready, with 34 pages of content. You can download it free of charge. Below you will find the content of the e-book and the subscription form to request your download link. eBook Content Heres a breakdown of the sections you will find in the eBook: Introduction Section 1: Sentences The subject Predicate Praises and clauses The object The complement Section 2: Parts of speech Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Interjection Conjunction In order to download the ebook you simply need to subscribe to DailyWritingTips email list. We only send out one email per week, on Tuesdays, and we only send useful content that will help you to improve your writing skills. Topics covered range from English grammar to punctuation and style. After subscribing your email address below you should receive the e-book download link within a couple of minutes. Subscribe below to receive a download link via email Heres how our email containing the download link looks like. Obviously joining our email list is free and you can unsubscribe anytime you want. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Latin Plural Endings10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal The WritePass Journal

Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal   1. Introduction Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal   1. Introduction  2. Benefits of team work to people  3. Benefits of teamwork to performanceReference:Related   1. Introduction Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal. Working in teams can help speed up the project at hand and can also help the individuals working on the project develop their skills. Creating the team can be a great task also, due to the diversity of backgrounds but making it work can also be greater as team members need to learn to work together to reach the desired target.   2. Benefits of team work to people   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Creativity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b. Build and maintain their self esteem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c.   Effective skills of interaction and high performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d.   Personal responsibility   3. Benefits of teamwork to performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a.   Saves time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b.   For example in health care it improves care and uses resources more effectively c.   Reduce cost and blur professional boundaries d.   Example in Louis Vuitton Teamwork can be describe by what is involved when a group of people decide to do something together to achieve a common goal. Working in teams can help speed up the project at hand and can also help the individuals working on the project develop their skills. Creating the team can be a great task also, due to the diversity of backgrounds but making it work can also be greater as team members need to learn to work together to reach the desired target. When creating a team, we do so in the hope that the members and the organisation will benefit from it. Therefore teamwork has its potential benefits to people and to performance such as, saving time, creativity, building self-esteem, personal responsibility and reducing cost and blurring professional boundaries. According to Mary Parker Follett, teamwork is an intermediate institution between the individual and the society, and she believed that it was the group that made people organise co-operative action. Likert also believed teamwork was effective because of the principle of supportive relationships. People value a positive response from others, which helps to build and maintain their self-esteem. Being part of a team also improves the effective skills of interaction and high performance goals of an individual. Different people posses different skills and different ways in which they view every activity, therefore teamwork helps an individual develop his or her creativity as different thoughts and ideas are shared. Teamwork promotes unity, as when people work together they are able to support each other are they have a common goal to accomplish the project. Another benefit of teamwork to an individual is that it can help develop personal responsibility, even though the main focus of the project is the team’s goal but each individual is responsible to do his part in other to accomplish the project. Teamwork can be beneficiary to performance also by saving time, when a team executes a project, it makes it faster as there are many hands on deck and different brains put together to get a quicker solution. In health care there is an increasing interest in teamwork within those delivering care. It is also believed that encouraging various professions to work as a multi-professional team improves care and uses resource effectively. Working as a team can also reduce cost and remove or reduce professional boundaries. The benefits of teamwork on performance can be seen in the case of the French company Louis Vuitton; eleven of the company’s factories are in France. Employees of all Vuitton factories work in teams of between 20 and 30 people. Each Team such as the one in Ducey plant in Normandy works on one product and members are encouraged to suggest improvements in manufacturing. When the Boulogne Multicolour (a new shoulder bad) a new prototype arrived at Ducey, workers who we re asked to make a production run discovered that the decorative metal studs were causing the zipper to bunch up, adding time and effort to assembly. The team informed factory managers, and technicians quickly moved the studs a few millimetres away from the zipper. Which solved the problem. Another example of performance as a result of teamwork is the case of Coats Ltd a textile company when it decided to introduce self-managed work teams into its management operations to improve quality and efficiency. The members of each team would be able to perform a wide variety of tasks, and have more decision-making power and access to more information. After some initial difficulties they are working well and the performance of the team exceeded expectations especially in three important performance measures. The roles of individual also evolved. They are flexible and also willing to act in different team roles and a survey after six months show that 85percent of staff prefers working in teams. Finally, Working in teams can be beneficiary to an individual and performance to an organization Reference: Follet, M.P. (1920), The new state: Group organization, the solution of popular government, Longmans Green: London Likert, R.(1967), The Human Organisation: its management and value,   McGraw-Hill: New York

Grapes Essays - Oenology, Wine, Food And Drink, Grape, Winemaking

Grapes Essays - Oenology, Wine, Food And Drink, Grape, Winemaking Grapes Nicolle Gajardo Agustn Lara Karla Rosales IV B What are grapes? The grape or grains of grape is the name that receives the fruit that grows forming clusters of the common vine or European vine. It belongs to the genus Vitis of the family Vitceas, which includes about 600 species of trees, usually climbing and producing fruits in berry, typical of warm and tropical countries. Within the genus Vitis are included about 20 species cultivated by its fruits and some by its leaves that are consumed like any vegetable. Where do you get grapes? To obtain the fruit of the vine you must go through different processes. The first thing to do is to choose the site of cultivation and the type of seeds that you want to use. After their cultivation they are watered constantly during their growth. Then the crop should be pruned by cutting the shoots to the appropriate height and will depend on the type of grape used. This work takes several months to complete. Later, a pest control must be done that consists of eliminating the weeds to get the nutrients that are in the soil to be absorbed by the crop. Next, we must provide the vine with the necessary nutrients for its proper growth and for that there are many types of manure, synthetic or natural. According to the type of fertilizer, the date of this work differs somewhat, thus achieving that the rains fall during the end of winter and the beginning of spring, take the nutrients to the roots of the crop for maturation. Spring arrives, begins The harvest is the last work that is done , consists of collecting the fruit that has produced the vine. Products you can get from grapes The best known products that use grapes are wine, vinegar and pisco. The wine is made by the pressing of the grape. Then fermentation takes place where the sugar containing the grape is transformed into alcohol. During the fermentation of red wines must be carried out what are referred to as overturns which is a process by which the liquid that is in the bottom of the deposits is raised so that it makes contact with the solid parts, that float in the high part of the Deposit. Then the wine must be clarified to be bottled. After the clarification and with a wine already stabilized, it is introduced into the bottles, where it will continue to evolve before going to market. Once the wine is finished, the wine is ready for consumption. Products you can get from grapes Pisco is a brandy made by distillation of genuine drinking wine. Its production consists of four major phases: the cultivation and harvesting of pisquer grapes, vinification for fishery purposes, the distillation of wine to obtain pisco and, finally, packaging in consumption units. Grape vinegar is the result of two successive fermentations carried out by the action of different groups of microorganisms. The first one (alcoholic fermentation) is carried out by yeasts that will carry out the transformation of the grape must into wine, through the fermentation of the simple sugars in alcohol and carbon dioxide. In the second fermentation (acetic fermentation), the alcohol generated is degraded by various types of acetic acid to acetic acid, which determines the acidity of the vinegar. Benefits of grapes for society Grapes have excellent antioxidant properties, so consuming them on a regular basis can help prevent the onset of degenerative diseases. Consuming the fruits of the vine, would help to reduce cholesterol in the blood. However, you should consume grapes in moderation because they contain fructose, which can be harmful to your health in excessive amounts.

Postpartum Haemorrhage And Atonic Uterus Literature review

Postpartum Haemorrhage And Atonic Uterus - Literature review Example Postpartum internal bleeding continues to be the most important cause of maternal mortality, statistically presented as 30% of all new mothers deaths, approximately which take place in poor countries (Carroli, 2002). Preponderance of cases is as a result of antonym of womb, even though well protected placenta or damage to any section of the delivery canal through delivery can be the source of this problem. This paper presents a literature review on postpartum haemorrhage and atonic uterus. Internal bleeding that takes place immediately one gives birth that is within 24 hours is known as initial post partum blood loss whilst extreme bleeding after the first 24 hours is known as delayed postpartum bleeding. In broad, initial PPH entails heavier haemorrhage and superior morbidity. Extreme haemorrhage affects about 5% to 15% of mothers after deliver (Bonnar, 2000) the causes of initial haemorrhage are mainly with no trouble understood as abnormality of essential procedures. Haemorrhage w ill take place if the uterus is not in a position to shrink sufficient to seize the haemorrhage at the placental position (Bobrowski, 2005). Retained crop of commencement or clots of blood, or genital area disturbance may instigate great blood postpartum, especially if not promptly identified. Coagulation abnormalities can cause excessive haemorrhage alone or when joint with other procedures. As reminiscence these procedures can be put into four T’s; Tissue, Tone, Thrombin and Trauma (Wax, 2003). Causes of haemorrhage after caesarean method of delivery comprise of atonic uterus, placenta, haemorrhage from the uterine cut or extensions of this cut, engaged placenta, and haemorrhage from vaginal or tears from the cervical or uterine burst. Atonic uterus can be inaccessible or connected other reasons for internal bleeding. Vaginal and cervical cut characteristically occur after an extended labor with broad or practically total dilatation. They can expand impulsively, through a c heck of forceps or nothingness removal, or during delivery through caesarean when the doctor tries to remove a deadly head caught profound within the pelvis. According to Smellie (2002), serious internal bleeding from the uterus cut, in general occurs as a result of cross extension, which is a consequence of extreme grip when developing the cut or from raptures resultant of giving birth via an opening that is infinitesimal. Following delivery of the baby, the delivery of the placenta, the amount and causes of haemorrhage are characteristically evaluated. As presented above, extreme haemorrhage might be associated with poor level of tone and linked to laceration, cuts, or crucial areas of endometrial irregularity (Ridgway, 2005). The analysis of atonic uterus is completed if the uterus fails to develop into firmness after uterine manipulate and management of doctors dealing with delivery of babies. Haemorrhage from cross conservatory of the uterine cut after cesarean is promptly obta ined by examination of the cut. Correspondingly, examination of the uterus opening will disclose any placenta that is retained. Placenta retention ought to be alleged if the placenta fails to disconnect straight away, except can be in attendance even if placental release appear to be comprehensive. Placenta removal frequently manifests as bleeding from an implant site in the subordinate uterine section. The

R&D report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

R&D report - Research Paper Example Internal combustion engines have also been designed to operate on natural gas since it is cheaper than crude oil derivatives. Although natural gas engines provide for cheaper operating costs, there is a constant need for maintenance on the valve assemblies. The relatively earlier failure of valves, especially exhaust valves, leads to increased maintenance costs as well as lowered machine reliability and availability. This is truer still for smaller gas engines that are employed in domestic backup power applications. This research employs a lubricator in order to improve the lubricity of natural gas so as to improve valve life and hence engine availability and reliability. Keywords: natural gas engine, lubricity, valve failure, exhaust valve, head assembly Table of Contents Statement of the Problem 11 Rationale 11 Assumptions 12 Limitations 12 Nomenclature 13 Terms. 13 Abbreviations. 13 Intellectual Property Issues 14 Patent. 14 Copyright. 14 Fair use. 14 Budget Overview 14 Analysis 1 6 Problem Analysis 16 Existing scenario. 16 Ideal scenario. 16 Gap analysis. 16 Performance Criteria 16 Focusing of the Task Objective 17 Limitations and delimitations of the project. 17 Governing propositions. 17 Assumptions. 17 Statement of the R&D objective. 18 Hypothesis 19 Solution Proposal Method 19 Mechanisms of the Task 19 RCA. 19 Observations and expert opinions. 19 Development Procedures 19 Computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques. 20 Machining. 20 Fabrication. 20 Fitting. 21 Governing Propositions 21 Performance Measures 21 Synthesis 21 Implementation 21 Testing 22 Equipment. 22 Methods. 23 Measurement. 24 Instrumentation. 24 Experimental Results and Data Analysis 25 Validation 26 Status of Task Objective 26 Sustainability 26 Transferability 26 Implications 27 Recommendations 27 References 28 Appendix A – Lubricator Design 29 3D CAD Models 29 Appendix B – Proposed Air Plenum 32 3D CAD Models 32 Index 34 List of Figures Figure 1 - Exhaust valve burn with t he burned area visible on the right side. Continued operation of this valve could have led to catastrophic failure of the engine. 10 Figure 2 - Arrangement of inlet valve and exhaust valve in a single cylinder engine configuration 22 Figure 3 - The gas genset used for the current research sourced from (Green Power, 2013) 23 Figure 4 - MTBF against lubrication feed rate 25 Figure 5 - Lubricator body with bracket welded on 29 Figure 6 - Lubricator graduation cylinder 30 Figure 7 - Lubricator end tail for insertion into air plenum 30 Figure 8 - Complete lubricator assembly including lubrication adjustment screw (shown on the left bottom corner) 31 Figure 9 - Proposed air plenum base 32 Figure 10 - Proposed air plenum top cover 33 List of Tables Table 1 - Budget for the current research. 14 Table 2 - Lubrication feed rate used for experimentation 23 Table 3 - Lubrication feed rates and the corresponding MTBF 25 Proposal to Research and Develop Lubricator for Gas Generators Natural gas s erves as a cheap fuel alternative to the more expensive diesel, gasoline, kerosene, light fuel oil (LFO) and heavy fuel oil (HFO). There has been a growing trend to utilise natural gas in power generation applications in the form of both turbines and internal combustion engines. The lubrication process in a turbine relies on an externally supplied lubricating agent only. However, internal combusti

Motivation Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation Assignment - Essay Example Autocratic Decisions by the leader Leader proposes decisions , takes feedback and then decides Tam proposes decision , final authority with leader Join decision by team as equals Full delegation of decision to team. Shared Leadership and Police Police in US gravitated towards a military style command and control structure in the early 20th century. This was done in response to widespread corruption and political interference. Police applied the principles of Fredrick Taylor and Max Weber and this management philosophy of control from the top exists even today.US administrators are suspicious of the calls to give autonomy to police as they are happy with the current autocratic system and believe the police work already involves a high degree of discretion. Recent forays have been made into participative leadership by introducing concepts such as community policing but the bureaucratic structure is still highly hierarchical. Shared Leadership and Organizational Commitment The problem w ith a command and control structure is that no decision is made at the lowest level. The officer on the street does not see reducing crime as his duty. No one has ever asked him his view on that. He sees that as the responsibility of those high ups that have considerable power. A research conducted in broken arrow ,Okhlama by the BAPD confirms that bat officers felt much more responsible for maintaining law and order when they were asked feedback on important decisions. (Wuestewald, January 2006 vol 73) The ability of being able to participate in important decisions are seen as a sign of trust by the police officers and very few would be willing to break this trust. Shared leadership makes everyone from the beat officer to the police chief believe that he is responsible for the city and the changes it will bring can be dramatic. Shared Leadership and Productivity Once the lower level officers are made part of the decision making authority; they will feel more proud and will have a h igher level of job satisfaction than they achieve simply by following orders. This would invariably lead to the â€Å"happy chicken syndrome† which is simply the fact that satisfied workers produce better quality of work. (S.Kim, 2002 , 62(2)) Shard Leadership and Labor Relations Police Unions are a common phenomenon throughout USA. While the amount of unions in civilian sector has been decreasing; the unions in police forces are increasing. Although they are not prevalent at the national level but they have a huge amount of influence at the local levels. These unions are seen to have popped up as a result of perceived tensions between the beat officers and the management. Relations with the management will improve once beat officers are made part of the decision making authority (R. Eisenberger, 1990). They will then be able to feel the pulls and pressures that senior officers face. The senior officers will also be aware of the conditions in which beat officers work as they are involved in decision making together and will lead to better relations between the two. Shard Leadership and Community Policing Community policing is regarded is being regarded as one of the initiatives of shared policing. However community policing in the entire country has been mixed with highly bureaucratic police structure. This makes the beat officer responsible to the community he serves in as well as his responsibility toward his senior officer’

Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Political Science - Assignment Example I disagree with the statement that rational choice model of policy making means problems are approached in a well ordered sequence. This is because the model seeks to benefit those using it in the policy making process but not the policy followers. This means that one opts to use the rational choice model to gain from it while others will not leap an equal benefit (Bond & Smith, 2013). Similarly, the model is preferred by most politicians since it creates opportunities for them to benefit from. They only use the model for their individual benefit but not for the benefit of society at large (Cornish & Clarke, 2014). Lastly, individuals rarely have complete information about an issue. This is because the information may be withheld by one individual or a group in order to benefit from it. Therefore, in using the rational choice model problems are not approached in a well mannered form. In conclusion, the rational choice model is only used by individuals whose prime aim is to benefit themselves at the expense of others. It contains unrealistic assumptions that are used to simplify complicated choices as well as the predictions. Therefore, the theory ought to be substituted with more applicable and reasonable theories such as the democratic

Women in Medieval Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women in Medieval Europe - Essay Example Feminist medievalists many hundreds of them have an association, a journal, bibliographic projects, and even long-standing research collaborations (Susan, 1987). In some cases they are peculiarly handicapped, approaching distant past through incomplete and intransigent sources that were, with few exceptions, created and preserved by men. (Rosenthal, 1990). Few of the great examples of that time are Eleanor of Aquitaine organized a rebellion against her husband, King Henry 11 of England. Christine de Pisan, a Frenchwoman, was married at the age of 15 and became a widow at the age of 25. She then made her living as a writer. Although few women fought in battle, they often had to organize the defense of a castle. The Countess of Buchan defended Berwick Castle so fiercely against King Edward one of England that, when he finally overcame her soldiers, he hung her over the battlements in an iron cage. Women could become honorary members of certain knightly orders. A knight's wife looked af ter the children and organized tasks such as cooking and making clothes. She also hired the laborers, supervised the stewards, sold the produce and kept the accounts. Men often died before their wives so that a woman would often find herself managing an estate. Queen of England; she was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, which gave her significant power as a wife and mother. She served as regent in her husband's absence, helped ensure significant royal marriages for her daughters, and eventually helped her son's rebel against their father, Henry II of England, her husband. She was imprisoned by Henry, but outlived him and served, once again, as regent, this time when her sons were absent from England. When someone says the word marriage today we think about two people who are in love and who want to spend the rest of their lives with each other. Marriage is a serious commitment, one that isn't taken lightly for most people. One wouldn't likely marry a stranger they just met for instance. In the Medieval Times, however, marriage was quite different. Women didn't have a choice as to who they would marry. There were strict rules for whether or not a divorce was allowed. Despite the differences in various aspects of marriage, the marriage ceremony has stayed rather similar over the years. We also carry on some of the same traditions in today's society.

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Communication in Economics - Essay Example And in the case of county, residents will only pay fund if they are, loyal to, or satisfied with the performance of county administration. In the case of small number of county’s residents, the county administration can have close contact with them. It can address to there problems carefully and can redress them if it thinks them legal. Due to better understanding between a resident and administration the chance of resident’s disloyalty and disappointment are reduced. Another advantage is that county administration can more easily deal with a problem than in the case of a large sized county. For example if a problem of water occurs in county, a small sized county can better deal with this problem due to its small size than a large county. Secondly, as the county’s population increases another question about providing amenities like water, security, gas etc. is also raised that is, will the county administration be able to provide these services to the residents in return of taxes e.g. property tax, paid by the residents. In this case if the size of county increases it will be very difficult for county administration to fairly administrate the system of taxation. 2. If the proposal is accepted then how county board will provide necessary services e.g. water etc., in return of taxes and funds paid by residents. As county already lacks sufficient water to support such a population increase. In this situation, how it would be possible for county board to raise sufficient funds for wanted projects. So according to my opinion it will not be adequate to permit the investors unless the county board becomes able to manage such a population change in a well-organized manner. Or on the other hand if county board still wants to permit investor for fund raising for their planned projects, then, at the least, board should permit investors to build only one housing development so that the county’s

Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Political Science - Assignment Example I disagree with the statement that rational choice model of policy making means problems are approached in a well ordered sequence. This is because the model seeks to benefit those using it in the policy making process but not the policy followers. This means that one opts to use the rational choice model to gain from it while others will not leap an equal benefit (Bond & Smith, 2013). Similarly, the model is preferred by most politicians since it creates opportunities for them to benefit from. They only use the model for their individual benefit but not for the benefit of society at large (Cornish & Clarke, 2014). Lastly, individuals rarely have complete information about an issue. This is because the information may be withheld by one individual or a group in order to benefit from it. Therefore, in using the rational choice model problems are not approached in a well mannered form. In conclusion, the rational choice model is only used by individuals whose prime aim is to benefit themselves at the expense of others. It contains unrealistic assumptions that are used to simplify complicated choices as well as the predictions. Therefore, the theory ought to be substituted with more applicable and reasonable theories such as the democratic

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Communication in Economics - Essay Example And in the case of county, residents will only pay fund if they are, loyal to, or satisfied with the performance of county administration. In the case of small number of county’s residents, the county administration can have close contact with them. It can address to there problems carefully and can redress them if it thinks them legal. Due to better understanding between a resident and administration the chance of resident’s disloyalty and disappointment are reduced. Another advantage is that county administration can more easily deal with a problem than in the case of a large sized county. For example if a problem of water occurs in county, a small sized county can better deal with this problem due to its small size than a large county. Secondly, as the county’s population increases another question about providing amenities like water, security, gas etc. is also raised that is, will the county administration be able to provide these services to the residents in return of taxes e.g. property tax, paid by the residents. In this case if the size of county increases it will be very difficult for county administration to fairly administrate the system of taxation. 2. If the proposal is accepted then how county board will provide necessary services e.g. water etc., in return of taxes and funds paid by residents. As county already lacks sufficient water to support such a population increase. In this situation, how it would be possible for county board to raise sufficient funds for wanted projects. So according to my opinion it will not be adequate to permit the investors unless the county board becomes able to manage such a population change in a well-organized manner. Or on the other hand if county board still wants to permit investor for fund raising for their planned projects, then, at the least, board should permit investors to build only one housing development so that the county’s

Prosecution and Judicial system on Witches Essay Example for Free

Prosecution and Judicial system on Witches Essay The central Europe was full of panic and rumors about witch and witchcrafts during it early modern period. Witch-hunt dragged the society into conducting trials so as to torture and even death or execution to those who are believed to be a part of the witch crafting practices. About this statement, it is stated that the rate of women who are executed or those who are believed as witches are mostly on females (Levack). As Levack wrote to his observations data, the age of the women inclined in witchcraft were those who are older than that of a 50 year-old. He also conducted a survey on regional studies and figured out that there were indeed estimated about 110,000 witch trials (Levack). Levack paid his focus on the recorded conducted trials instead of focusing on the executions made. He explained that among all those trials for the witch cases, there have been about 48% which definitely resulted into execution that makes about 60,000 of witches who died (Levack). Levack stated that this prosecutions and torture-making were made for the alleged practices of doing a believed harmful magic and that people on those period believed that witch’s practices is done to worship the darkness or the devil (Levack). In Levack’s book, he mainly focused on the events where the witch-hunting started. He explained that that witch-hunting is an act in which certain hunters hunt those individuals who are believed to be involved in a certain magical secret kinds of activities (Levack). Levack discussed that the main cause of this hunting activity is the multi-casual approach, which sought the innovation of new ideologies about such witches and the changes is judicial system. These two innovations brought severe changes in religious aspect and also aroused a lot of tension to the society (Levack). The ideology of the hunts are based on such that witches were the individuals who had a certain pack with the devil therefore they are involved in such practices that is considered as barbaric. Witchcraft is conceptualized as an evil act into which the power and magic came from the devil whom they worship as everyone believes (Levack). According to Levack’s discussion through his work, certain individuals would sell their own souls to Satan in order to obtain a good life or which they considered as the gift of well being. In addition to this, witches are believed to have a Sabbath where they tend to give praise and worship to the devil. They are also said to be an organization which people believed in of doing infanticide incest practices (Levack). Another that contributes to the basis of the hunters is the idea that witches do fly, this idea or belief came from the people’s assumption that witches fly in order to attend to their Sabbath meetings without being noticed (Levack). The kind of prosecution made in England and the role of women being the witnesses is considered as a process of cultural complexity according to Holmes. He discussed that the popular beliefs are the harmful factors which implies that a certain woman is involved in witchcrafts (Holmes). The elites in the year 1563 created a system of prosecution against witchcrafts. The victims then had the opportunity to prosecute their assailants through the constructed systematical procedures of the judicial court (Holmes). According to Holmes, there are two distinctive ways for a certain witness to testify as a victim of witchcrafts such as they could directly testify that they are possessed into which they would say that they are controlled by the devil through the crafts of the witch and secondly, assumed victims could report sought physical searches that will be an evident or proof of the witch’s connection with the devil (Holmes). In both ways the accused will be subjected into the belief that she is indeed a witch and is inclined with witchcrafts. This is supported by theologians and lawyers who state that women are more susceptible or vulnerable of temptation which will cause them to tend to involve themselves to a pact with the devil (Holmes). In addition to this, Clive Holmes said that the women witnesses rose up from 38 to 53 percent during the last existing years of Queen Elizabeth. This indicates that women are the ones who contribute actively in creating negative reputations among others by making gossips (Holmes). Discussion As the hunt went through continuously in the 16th century, the system of jurisdiction reduced clerical means of jurisdiction and focused more on the secular concerns. The reason for this change is the definition of the witchcraft as a mean of secular crime (Levack). These said factors led to a high rate of witch hunting in Scotland hence other countries obtained a reduction in the number of cases to be prosecuted because of the ecclesiastical means of jurisdiction over the crime (Levack). There were said to be complex types of hunts which is brought during the time where witch-hunts were made in Europe, the small hunts in Europe basically focuses on seeking for malefactors, the medium type consists of at least five to ten victims, and the large hunts consists about ten to hundred witches which caused an explosion of panic and hysteria (Levack). According to Levack, there are there are four certain relatively factors to this witch-hunt. The first one depends on the nature of the witch beliefs in a certain place or region with the consideration on the strength to which they were being held (Levack). The second factor is the intensity of hunts. It is explained that not all countries execute torture method. Lastly, is the extent where the central judicial officers have their control to each trial (Levack). Conclusion In my own understanding witch-hunt, malice accusations, tortures, and executions are not justified by the early England period’s basis which is considered gossips or hearsays. I am not convinced about the foundation of the witch-hunt act because they do not provide an accurate reason or evident for them to do such an act against a certain person who is accused of being witch. Basing on Holmes’ work, a certain witness could just testify that a certain person is a witch and therefore make that person be subjected to court trials, another is that whenever a person testify that the accused is having a certain mark or physical searches which will prove that she is a witch then she is believed to be a witch and will also be subjected to trials or worse is execution. This kind of basis as the primary foundation in witch-hunting is generally an immoral act and a lack-of-evidence case into which people experienced hysteria and panic for a reason that is not reliably true or considered as alleged case. Therefore the explanations about the reasons of the outburst of witch-hunting is definitely cruel, lack of consideration, and inhumane act against fellow human beings who are accused but unproved of being a witch and practicing certain witch acts. Works Cited Holmes, Clive. Women: Witnesses and Witches Witch-Prosecutions in Early Modern England. 1993. Kaplan, Steven Laurence. Understanding Popular Culture: Europe from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. 1984. Levack, Brian P. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe 2006. Sharpe, J. Instrument of Darkness: Witchcraft in England 1550-1750.

Legal And Ethical Practice For Learning Disability

Legal And Ethical Practice For Learning Disability The drive towards the provision of person-centred services for people with learning disabilities, has acquired a vast amount of policy makers attention in the United Kingdom (Cambridge, 2008). Valuing People (UK Department of Health, 2001) has been the most fundamental government paper that has prompted a change in the way current health and social care services operate. Collaboration can be seen as an important facilitator in delivering quality healthcare and achieving an holistic care service (Xyrichis et al., 2008). However, previous research focusing on teamwork in healthcare has been criticised for lacking a basic understanding of what this concept represents. This assignment aims to address the importance of inter-professional and multi- professional collaboration within the health and social care domain, when working with adults with learning disabilities. The concept of working together originated under the umbrella term mutli-agency team working; this term dominated the discourse of policy and practice in the first years of the 21st Century. Mutli-agency teams were drawn together from distinct agencies for a set period of time and for a particular task whilst other groups of professionals came together as interagency teams simply for a particular project or case (Anning 2006). An example is a group of health practitioners, social workers and carers, reviewing and monitoring service provision and access to person-centred services for adults with learning disabilities. The government have advocated for Learning Disability Partnership Boards to be set up so as to make it a priority that service users dont fall between the gaps and that they receive sufficient support and access to person-centred services. Clark (1993) states that inter-professional and inter-disciplinary practice can be used interchangeably. Inter-Professional working occurs when two or more professionals collaborate together in order to provide patient-centred care and a better quality of care; for instance the interaction between a general practitioner and a nurse. Multi-professional working occurs when professionals from health related occupations and varying backgrounds come together for a particular case. For example a diabetes team, whose primary function could be to assess, monitor and inform all people with diabetes within a particular catchment population. The team would mostly comprise of a consultant endocrinologist, two diabetes specialist nurses, a dietician and podiatrist. The UK Department of Education (2003) conducted research which shows that a person with a disability is likely to be in contact with more than ten different professionals in their lifetime. Throughout this time, issues can arise which may lead to a lack of continuity and co-ordination of care services. This is the main reason why the government advocates for an integrated approach for health and social care provision. This is not limited to healthcare but also outside of the domain, as different organisations have their own role to play. For instance, disparate services such as education, training, housing and employment need to work together and have a certain level of access to information about a client, whist maintaining patient confidentiality. For example the transition from secondary care to tertiary care such as from hospital to a residential home would require varying levels of expertise. An occupational therapist to examine the environment that the patient will be moving to, a medical practitioner to identify the need for the patient to be moved, a nurse to ensure continuity of care and a social worker to ascertain the level of support required on a day to day basis. The National Health Service (NHS) is the largest organisation in Europe, and is recognised by the World Health Organisation as one of the best healthcare services in the world (Department of Health, 2000). The Healthcare Act (1999) requires NHS organisations to work together in partnership (Glendinning et al, 2001) yet evidence such as the Lord Lamming report suggests that barriers to inter-professional and multi-professional practice still exist. Lord Lammings findings of the Victoria Climbià © inquiry highlighted that poor co-ordination and a lack of communication between agencies, was central to her untimely death. Since the publication of Every Child Matters (Department for Education and Skills 2003) local authorities are now developing innovative solutions for information sharing known as an Information Hub. Clear and effective communication between all parities is required for this to be successful, with specific reference to learning disability, care providers work and plan in different ways such as PATH (Planning Alternative Tomorrows With Hope) therefore it is even more important to clearly document and share information freely in order to foster the implementation of care plans and create value in the best interest of service users, service providers and other professionals. Traditionally, the NHS relied on paper records such as patient files, letters and referral forms. This was subject to unauthorised access, loss, a breach in patient confidentiality and a lack of accurate and up-to-date information. However due to the National Programme for Information Technology (UK Department of Health, 2005) and advances in technology, information sharing is more accessible due to the use of electronic databases which has security mechanisms to prevent malpractice and unauthorised access as well as upholding clinical governance. As outlined in the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) quality record-keeping and evidence based policies are necessary for effective communication. However, this can in turn result in inactive collaboration (Daly 2004) with each professional group having a singular input into patient care. Purtilo and Haddad (1996) state that verbal communication is important in sustaining the relationship between patients and healthcare professio nals. Regular meetings of a multi-professional team with a common care pathway can aid the teams collaboration. Professional identity and patient power, is another factor which must be considered. Leathard (1994) points out that the rivalry between professional groups can inhibit collaborative working. Power struggles within society for example between, experienced colleagues and inexperienced colleagues are barriers towards successful inter-professional working. However, new approaches in care provision such as skill-mixing and a drive towards person-centred services utilises the authority of the patient to govern the priorities of an inter-professional team as well as valuing each member of a team and their contribution. A difference in philosophies of care is also a key factor, as different professional groups have different moral and ethical philosophies in care provision. Such as, the paternalistic approach of a medical practitioner versus the approach of a public health advocate (Daly 2004).Recent research suggests that inter-professional working can lead to verbal abuse; professional au tonomy is challenged when professionals work together in groups. A study conducted by (Joubert, Du Rand, VanWyk.., 2005) reported that nurses experienced high levels of verbal abuse by physicians. A tense environment can lead to poor working conditions and a higher risk of errors (Celik et al 2007). Professionals have different pay brackets, which is defined according to their professional group and then their role within the group. Issues that may arise include resource allocation and funding for staff. At present the UK is involved in global crisis and the economy is central to restoration as jobs are at risk and services are being cut which is a hindrance to mutli-professional working. There staff shortages within the NHS, which can damage interaction between groups and see a decline in collaboration. However, Leathard (1994) states that that advantage of inter-professional lies in the more efficient use of staff. Integrated care lies at the heart of health and social care provision and is at the future management of people with learning disabilities. The Care Programme Approach (CPA) was introduced in 1991 as a framework for people who require support from a range of different care service providers. The aim of the approach was to promote personalisation by consolidating services into a single service known as a care co-ordination model (Goodwin, 2010). The concepts of inter-professional and mutli-professional teamwork can promote effective and efficient patient care. A patient is able to receive expertise specific to the individuals problem, and a team can provide co-ordination which can prevent any aspect of the patients care being overlooked. Professionals are able to share knowledge and skills however it is important to understand how professions can work together amicably as ethical dilemmas can arise. Core values such as altruism, advocacy and integrity are important in health and socia l practice and all staff should adhere to professional codes of conduct. Total Word Count: 1,365 Including Headings and References

John Steinbecks East of Eden - Biblical Symbols and Symbolism Essay e

Biblical Symbolism in East of Eden    Throughout the novel East of Eden, Steinbeck uses many biblical references to illustrate clearly the conflict between the opposing forces of good and evil. Much of the plot of East of Eden is centered upon the two sets of brothers representing Cain and Abel.   Both pairs are similar to Cain and Abel in the way they go about winning their fathers’ favors.   All four give gifts to their fathers, and the fathers dismiss the gifts of Charles and Caleb, the Cain representations (Marks, Jay Lester. p.121).   Caleb and Charles Trask are obviously the more malignant brothers.   They are also the more loving towards their father.   Steinbeck’s purpose in this is to illustrate the need of the Cain character in the story.   Abel, Adam and Aron, is the opposite of his brother and naturally good and pure.   The purpose of Adam and Aron in East of Eden is to clarify the belief that purity must know wickedness (Marks, Jay Lester. p.122).   Steinbeck illustrates the nee d for both good and bad with the actions and beliefs of these supposed â€Å"good† characters.   The representations of Abel, Adam and Aron are both described as unloving.   Adam has not treated his children fairly and his treatment is caused by his innate goodness.   Aron grows as an ignorant selfish person because he is naturally good (Fonterose, Joseph.   p. 3382).  Ã‚   Steinbeck uses Cain to illustrate the choice man has.   In the case of Charles, Cain dies an unhappy man who did not live a worthwhile life, Caleb on the other hand, chose to realize his dark past, but chose to continue living his life with hope (Marks, Jay Lester.   p. 122-123).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Steinbeck’s East of Eden he is constantly using single characters to illustrate many differen... ....   Because of man’s evil heritage, being descendent of Cain, he is naturally forgiven for any breach in purity (Levant, Howard. p. 244).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck’s references and allusions to the bible are very obvious.   Although they are most apparent when taking the story of Genesis: 4 into consideration, the more subtle devices are equally as useful to Steinbeck to prove his point.   His beliefs of the relationship between good and evil are easily understood with the allusions that are exercised.   Works Cited Fontenrose, Joseph. John Steinbeck: An Introduction and Interpretation. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1963. Levant, Howard. The Novels of John Steinbeck: A Critical Study. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1974. Marks, Lester Jay. Thematic Design in the Novels of John Steinbeck. The Hague: Mouton, 1969. Steinbeck, John. East of Eden. New York: Viking, 1952.

Essay --

A true friend is someone you can confide in without fear of being judged or betrayed... It is always good to have a friend in whom you can confide. A true friend is a good listener – one with whom you can share your thoughts and feelings without worrying whether they will judge you or tell other people about you. You should be able to trust a friend, particularly when you are in need of someone to share your problems with..... In â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† by John Boyne, Bruno, the main character is in need of a good friend. He is unhappy, having being forced to move away from his home in Berlin and ‘his three best friends for life’ because his father has a new job. Bruno, his mother and sister accompany the new commandant to the new house at â€Å"Out-With,† as Bruno calls it. This new house is small, dark, and strange. Bruno spends long days gazing out the window of his new bedroom, where he notices people dressed in striped pyjamas and rows of barracks surrounded by a barbed wire fence. With nobody except his sister ‘The Hopeless Case’ to talk to, bored and lonely, and not really understanding the circumstance of his new existence, Bruno sets out to explore the area, despite being forbidden to do so by his parents. He discovers Shmuel, a very thin Jewish boy who lives on the other side of the fence and an unlikely friendship between the two boys is form ed. Over the next few months the two children swap life stories through the wire fence. Shmuel explains how he and his family have been transported here from a ghetto in Poland. Unable to comprehend the gravity of Shmuel’s situation, Bruno is simply content to have found a playmate. In particular he finds it amazing that they are the same age and born on exactly th... ...d hegathers himself and makes a clear decision to face his fear in order to help his friend.... Even when the two boys have been herded into the gas chambers about to face their death, Bruno stands by his friend, holding Shmuel’s hand, forgetting even the names of his friends in Berlin and saying that Shmuel is one true friend for life. To conclude, Bruno and Shmuel’s friendship is both strange and genuine. Bruno confides in Shmuel, at first, because he is lonely and innocent. However as the novel develops their friendship grows into something authentic which crosses the boundaries of race, religion and culture. Over the course of the novel there are times when the friendship is tested, threatened and almost betrayed but Bruno and Shmuel remain true to their friendship even in the darkest and devastating of endings...At the end they died together...

Constellations

Being asked most people would name the twelve constellations of the zodiac and some more they have heard of or even seen (most common is surely the Big Dipper, though it is not a constellation but an asterism). In total there are 88 constellations, which can be divided into eight constellation families (see Menzel, â€Å"A Field Guide to the Stars and Planetes†). Many names we use nowadays came from the ancient Greeks. They used to assign their gods and heroes to certain figures in the sky. Due to their northern location they only gave names to those regions visible from their countries.The regions around the celestial south pole got some of their names when the astronomer Johan Bayer made his notes about the south regions of the sky. He followed the tradition of the names of the ancient, mainly connected to the sea and its creatures. Later on the french astronomer La Caille added the last 13 to fill the star-poor regions between the existing groups. He finally broke with the traditional namegiving and used scientific equipment or instruments (there is only one exception, which is Mensa, the Table Mountain).It should be noted that although now common, this is only the western view of the star patterns. Noone knows when mankind start giving names to stars and grouping of stars. It is most likely that constellation names were invented by early sailors for navigation purposes. But also in the deserts they might have been a good help for the people to find their ways. Therefore its quite naturally that each culture grouped the stars differently and gave them names from their natural and social enviroment.The constellations of the zodiac we know nowadays reach back to the days of the Babylonians and Chaldeans, 2000 to 3000 years ago. Back then the sun passes through twelve constellations we still assign to the zodiac. But since these old days there have been several changes to the assignment of the stars. The sun is now passing through thirdteen constellation s along the ecliptic. After the sun left Scorpius in the last week of November it moves through Ophiuchus, the Serpent Holder, in December before reaching Sagittarius, the Archer, end of December.

The Advantages Imparted By Resin Addition To Conventional Glass Ionomer Outweigh The Disadvantages

Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) is created when ion-leachable calcium alumino-silicate glass powder that contains fluoride reacts with polyalkenoic acid. Recently, the use of GIC has been extensive in dentistry as it can be modified by combining it with several substances and the properties can be further enhanced. GIC cement was initially developed by Wilson and Kent in England in the year 1972 (Graig, 2002). When created earlier, the GIC was not an aesthetic material and did not have any translucency. It was utilized to full only small class V abrasive lesions.It was slowly modified and can be used in several clinical processes such as luting, as a lining and a base, etc. GIC has certain unique properties that may not be present in any other material. It helps to conserve the tooth structure and it directly bonds with the tooth. The GIC cement directly bonds to the dentine present in the tooth. It helps to remineralise caries and hence can be utilized by preserving the tooth material. The GIC cement slowly releases fluoride over a long-period. This property of GIC can also be utilized in caries prevention and in patient’s having a high-risk of developing caries (Mount, 1998).The powder present in the resin-modified GIC cement is somewhat similar to the conventional GIC’s. The liquid contains monomers and polymers to ensure the strength of the GIC cement is increased (Graig, 2002). The GIC cement has usually two components, a powder and a liquid. The powder is a ion-leachable alumina-silicate glass. The liquid contains polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid dissolved in water. During the setting reaction Aluminium ions and calcium ions are released by the glass and polymers release acid groups.The setting reaction takes place slowly and results in the formation of a cross-linked gel matrix. Aluminium ions may be exchanged slowly in the gel matrix which helps to strengthen it. This process occurs very slowly until the final set. The calcium present i n the gel matrix may combine with the exposed GIC cement bonds using both diffusion an the adsorption phenomenon (Mount, 1998). When the freshly cut tooth surface is smeared with GIC, the polyalkenoic acid plays a very important role in initiating adhesion. The carboxyl ions present in the acid displaces the phosphate ions present in the apatite crystals.The Calcium phosphate-polyalkenoate crystalline complex formed at the interface of the tooth surface and the GIC material plays a very important role in bonding. This phenomenon is frequently-known as diffusion based adhesion (Mount, 1998). When the intermediate complex phase is subjected to acid etching, it was more resistant to etching than the other portions of the tooth. When forces were applied to debond the restoration to the tooth, the complex phase formed was left behind. The carboxyl group of the polyacid of the GIC combines with the collagen molecules of the dentin to form a bond.The strength of this bond may be increased by using conditioning agents such as citric acid and hydrogen peroxide which help to remove the smear layer. However, polyacrylic acid is the best material in removing the smear layer and improving adhesion. Polyacrylic acid helps to remove the smear layer, but does not interfere with the dentinal plugs that block the entry into the dentinal tubules. This helps to prevent the development of hypersensitivity following restoration. This solution can also be utilized remove the smear layer (Mount, 1998). The Cement so formed may have a lot of limitations which may restrict use.GIC cement is slightly more soluble in the saliva compared to several other dental cements especially the resin containing cements. However, GIC cement is more resistant to solubility than other cements such as silicate cements. Another problem of GIC cement is that it may begin to disintegrate in the oral cavity when certain problems such as zerostomia or Sjogern’s syndrome are present. This is because th e GIC cement tends to lose its moisture in the oral cavity. In such a circumstance, GIC restorations have to be replaced every few months or maximum on an annual basis.Frequently, the cement has to be covered by a composite resin lining to ensure that the GIC cement does not face the ruthless environment of the mouth, especially in Sjorgren’s syndrome (Mount, 1998). Resin modified GIC cements helps to make the material more resistant to both excessive solubility in the oral cavity and excessive destruction from unfavourable conditions present in the mouth such as Sjogren’s syndrome (Mount 1998). GIC cement tends to shrink slowly with time. The shrinkage on an average basis (volumetrically) is about 3 %.This shrinkage develops slowly over a period of time. On the tooth side of the restoration, as the GIC combines with the collagen and the tooth surface to form a bond, the shrinkage may not be much to result in debonding of the restoration from the tooth. The stress rela xation is not much on the tooth side of the restoration. When the cement tends to set slowly, it usually absorbs water and also dissolves slightly more in the saliva. Slowly setting cements overall do not have good mechanical properties but anyway shrink less than the faster setting GIC’s.A cavity varnish or a Composite Resin may have to be applied to the surface of slow-setting GIC cement in order to protect if from the oral environment during the initial stages following setting. In resin-modified GIC cements, even if the resin content is about 5 %, it would result in reduced amounts of shrinkage at the time of placement. The shrinkage that develops over a period of time occurs much more slowly. The adhesion formed between the tooth surface and the GIC helps to limit shrinkage to some extent (Mount,1998). GIC cements are weak material and lack rigidity.They are susceptible to fracture compared to other materials such as dental amalgams and composite resins. Those restoratio ns with GIC prepared in high stress bearing areas, having high occlusal load, usually fail within a short period of time. However, research suggests that the resin-modified GIC cements have a better strength compared to the conventional GIC cements. The transverse strength of resin-modified GIC cement is almost twice that of conventional GIC cement (Graig, 2002). They also have higher fracture resistance, almost comparable to micro-filled composite resins.On an average, the compressive strength of conventional GIC cements is about 70 to 220 MPa, and that for luting GIC cements is about 10 to 150 MPa. The compressive strength for a resin-modified GIC cement is about 110 to 220 MPa. The tensile strength for conventional GIC cements is about 12 to 16 MPa and that for luting GIC cement is about 6 to 15 MPa. The tensile strength of resin -modified GIC cement is about 15 to 16 Moa. The Shear strength of the conventional GIC cement is about 30 to 40 MPa and for the luting GIC cement is abo ut 20 to 25 MPa.On the other hand, the resin-modified GIC cement has shear strength of about 60 to 70 MPa. During the early days, the GIC cements did not have a good compressive and tensile strengths. However, nowadays due to advancements in the materials, the compressive and tensile strengths of conventional GIC is approaching that of resin-modified GIC and also the microfilled composite resins (Mount, 1998). However, the resin-modified GIC cements should only be utilized in low –stress bearing areas. They can be utilized in patients having a high-caries rate as the GIC cement has anti-cariogenic properties (Graig, 2002).Many dental practitioners consider using cermets cements or sliver-impregnated GIC cements in load-bearing areas as they would feel that it helps improve the facture toughness of the GIC. However, this is a wrong perception as cermets cements only help to improve the abrasive resistance. Conventional GIC cements have a reasonable amount of resistance to abra sion. They may be susceptible to abrasion during the initial stages following placement (Mount 1998). Self-curing GIC cements may have moderate translucency, but this may take several days to develop.Self-curing GIC cements tend to be affected by the presence of water during the initial period following setting. Hence, self-curing GIC cements may have to be carefully sealed during placement for at least 24 hours until some amount of translucency is achieved. The technique of placement plays a very important role in the case of conventional GIC. Resin-modified GIC cements show a much better translucency compared to the conventional GIC cements. The translucency is achieved immediately following curing with light. The translucency may slightly worsen over the next few days following placement, but this may not be perceived to the eye.Following this, the translucency improves again and sometimes it even achieves a greater amount of translucency compared to that obtained following curin g (Mount, 1998). HEMA (about 15 to 25 %), certain polymerisable groups (1%) and a photo-initiator are present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement. The light –activation of the GIC enables polymerization of the resin, and the chemical reaction between the liquid and the powder components of the GIC goes on as in an auto-curing system. The final setting of the resin-modified GIC cement is the same as that of conventional cement.As HEMA is present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement, using thinly consistency cements would bring about a higher HEMA content in the final set mixture. A thick mixture would contain 4. 5 % HEMA, whereas thinly-mixed GIC cement would contain about 15 % HEMA. The HEMA is capable of drawing water from the oral environment and degrading. Further, HEMA is released into the dentin. The presence of certain trace elements in the GIC cement brings about an oxidation-reduction reaction and ensures that the HEMA is not l eft behind. Hence, water is not absorbed from the environment by the GIC cement.During the setting of the resin-modified GIC cement, two basic reactions occur between the powder and the liquid. The first is the acid-base reaction between the polyalkenoic acid and the glass powder. Two separate matrices are formed, one is a hydrogel of the ionomer salts and the other is a poly-HEMA matrix. When these two matrices are formed, the interactions prevent the acid-base reactions from completing. The HEMA particles will begin to set following activation by light, and will prevent the auto-curing GIC cement from absorbing water almost immediately (Mount, 1998).This will also ensure that a greater amount of strength is achieved by the restoration almost immediately (Graig, 2002). The acid-base reaction, the light-curing reaction (along with the presence of the photo-initiator) and the oxidation-reduction reactions ensure that adequate cross-linking takes place in the resin-modified GIC cement . The light-curing reaction ensures sufficient and immediate hardening of the GIC mass provided the light activation is performed. The acid-base reaction will continue for a few days to bring about hardening within a few days.The cross-linking formed in the acid-base reactions and the HEMA matrix will ensure that water is not taken up by the GIC mass. The 5 to 15 % HEMA present in the GIC ensures that water is not immediately taken up by the GIC mass. However, as a sufficient quantity of substances present in the conventional GIC cement is present, the chances of dehydration following the initial setting reaction are still high. Hence, light-cured resin-modified GIC cement should also be protected with a low-viscosity resin sealant (Mount, 1998).When resin-modified GIC cement is utilized as a base below composite resin restorations, there is no need to etch the GIC cement before inserting the composite resin material. HEMA helps in forming a chemical bond between the GIC cement and the composite resin. Efforts should be made during the etching process to prevent accident etching of the GIC cement. However, etching the GIC cement would not result in an adverse affect. When GIC cement is utilized below amalgam restorations, it is better to use resin-modified GIC cement as it can tolerate higher strengths compared to the conventional GIC cements (Graig, 2002).Resin-modified GIC cements are frequently utilized below composite resin restorations since the year 1985, so as to lower microleakage. Besides, fluorides released by the GIC would ensure that secondary caries does not develop. The composite resin would ensure that superior aesthetic effects of the restoration would be maintained. Fluorides leached by the GIC would ensure that the restoration has some anti-cariogenic effect. Earlier, conventional GIC cement was utilized below composite restorations, and only mechanical interlocking between both the materials occurred.The GIC present below the resin material was lost over a period of time. There is no chemical bonding between the GIC and the composite resin restoration and hence, the bond strength is very poor. The use of rein-modified GIC cements present below composite resins helps to improve the bond strength as a chemical bonding would be formed between the monomer present in the GIC and certain substances present in the composite resin (Taher, 2007). The GIC utilized in a laminate or sandwich technique can be used in two fashions, that is open sandwich and closed sandwich technique.In the open sandwich technique, portions of the GIC are exposed to the oral cavity. The GIC is not only utilised to cover the exposed dentin but is also placed peripherally to form a type of seal. In the closed technique, the GIC covers the dentin and is in turn completely covered by the composite resin restoration. Using conventional GIC cements, the failure rates were 13 to 35 % within 2 years and 75 % within 6 years. The conventional GIC cements place d were capable of degenerating to a greater extent in the saliva and are also susceptible to fracture due to decreased fracture resistance.Gradually, resin-modified GIC began to replace the conventional GIC under composite restorations. As resin-modified GIC cements have superior properties, they would ensure a longer life, and would also have an anti-cariogenic effect. Studies demonstrated that the resin-modified GIC developed better proprieties and was not much technique-sensitive compared to the conventional GIC cements. In the open-sandwich technique, the marginal seal developed by the resin –modified GIC cement was much better than the composite resin materials and hence is preferred.The caries rate was much less in the patients using Resin-modified GIC cements compared to the conventional GIC cements. A study was conducted by Dentists in a city in Sweden to study the effect of using resin-modified GIC cements on about 239 restorations. It was found that the 5 % of the r estorations had become unacceptable after 3 years (that is about 5 % of all restorations treated with open-sandwich techniques had failed). Tooth fractures developed in about 2. 5 % of the restorations. Minor erosions of the GIC were observed in 4 %. Secondary caries developed only in one of the 239 restorations.The properties of resin-modified GIC cements is much superior to conventional GIC cement when utilized beneath composite restorations in a sandwich technique. The Resin-modified GIC cements are less susceptible to dissolve and disintegrate in the salvia compared to the conventional GIC cements. It also adapts well to the cavity walls and offers a chemical bonding with the composite resin. The failure rate with resin modified GIC cements was much less compared to that of conventional GIC cements. The sandwich technique can be utilized as an alternative to amalgam restorations especially in those with a high caries index.The restorations produced have a lower failure rate and has a much longer life. However, the use of resin-modified GIC cements for sandwich technique has not been studied on a long term basis (van Dijken, 1999). The bond strengths formed between resin-modified GIC cements and the composite resin materials was higher compared to that between the conventional GIC and the composite restorations following etch and bond technique. In etch and bond technique, the bond strength formed was about 2. 42 MPa compared to that of 6. 87 to 7. 05 MPa formed between the resin-modified GIC and the composite restorations (Knight, 2006).Another study conducted in the University of Cardiff by Chadwick et al (2007), demonstrated that resin-modified GIC cement had a much better success rate compared to conventional GIC cements. The failure rates of conventional GIC cements were between 6. 6 to 60 %. The failure rates of resin-modified GIC cements were found to be between 2 to 14 %, suggesting superior mechanical properties. Some amount of evidence is present from past literature that resin-modified GIC cements could also be utilised to a certain extent in small and moderate sized class II restorations (Chadwick, 2007).A study was conducted to study the surface properties of resin-modified composite resins compared to that of conventional GIC and that of composite resin restorations. The materials were examined following polishing with silicon carbide. The composite resin restorations and the resin-modified GIC cements were more resistant to the effect of foodstuff such as tea, coffee and red wine on the restoration than the conventional GIC. The surface roughness of the composite resin restoration and the resin-modified restoration were much lesser compared to the conventional GIC restoration (Bagheri, 2007).There are not much of differences in the composition of the resin-modified GIC and the conventional GIC cements. The resin-modified GIC contains a small percentage of monomers and polymers to bring about superior mechanical properti es. Resin-modified GIC cements are more resistant to solubility and excessive disintegration from several factors that operate from within the oral cavity. The shrinkage that develops in resin-modified GIC is much slower and less compared to conventional GIC cement. Resin–modified GIC cements have higher transverse strengths, compressive strengths and fracture resistance compared to conventional GIC cements.Even the tensile strengths and the shear strengths of resin-modified GIC cements are higher than conventional GIC cements. However, resin-modified GIC cements should not be utilized in high stress bearing areas, as they could fail. Resin-modified GIC achieves its final properties almost immediately, following curing with light. Resin-modified cements have better properties when placed below composite and amalgam restorations. Below composite restorations, it forms a chemical bond with the composite. As its strength is higher, it can be utilized below amalgam restorations.I t also helped to reduce the secondary caries rate as they released fluorides over a period of time. The surface properties of Resin-modified GIC are also much better compared to that of conventional GIC, and hence the aesthetic properties would be much better. All these superiorities do imply that Resin-modified GIC should be preferred for use in various situations. However, the Resin-modified GIC should not be utilized to fill large cavities in stress bearing areas, as they are susceptible to fail.