John Steinbecks East of Eden - Biblical Symbols and Symbolism Essay e

Biblical Symbolism in East of Eden    Throughout the novel East of Eden, Steinbeck uses many biblical references to illustrate clearly the conflict between the opposing forces of good and evil. Much of the plot of East of Eden is centered upon the two sets of brothers representing Cain and Abel.   Both pairs are similar to Cain and Abel in the way they go about winning their fathers’ favors.   All four give gifts to their fathers, and the fathers dismiss the gifts of Charles and Caleb, the Cain representations (Marks, Jay Lester. p.121).   Caleb and Charles Trask are obviously the more malignant brothers.   They are also the more loving towards their father.   Steinbeck’s purpose in this is to illustrate the need of the Cain character in the story.   Abel, Adam and Aron, is the opposite of his brother and naturally good and pure.   The purpose of Adam and Aron in East of Eden is to clarify the belief that purity must know wickedness (Marks, Jay Lester. p.122).   Steinbeck illustrates the nee d for both good and bad with the actions and beliefs of these supposed â€Å"good† characters.   The representations of Abel, Adam and Aron are both described as unloving.   Adam has not treated his children fairly and his treatment is caused by his innate goodness.   Aron grows as an ignorant selfish person because he is naturally good (Fonterose, Joseph.   p. 3382).  Ã‚   Steinbeck uses Cain to illustrate the choice man has.   In the case of Charles, Cain dies an unhappy man who did not live a worthwhile life, Caleb on the other hand, chose to realize his dark past, but chose to continue living his life with hope (Marks, Jay Lester.   p. 122-123).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Steinbeck’s East of Eden he is constantly using single characters to illustrate many differen... ....   Because of man’s evil heritage, being descendent of Cain, he is naturally forgiven for any breach in purity (Levant, Howard. p. 244).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck’s references and allusions to the bible are very obvious.   Although they are most apparent when taking the story of Genesis: 4 into consideration, the more subtle devices are equally as useful to Steinbeck to prove his point.   His beliefs of the relationship between good and evil are easily understood with the allusions that are exercised.   Works Cited Fontenrose, Joseph. John Steinbeck: An Introduction and Interpretation. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1963. Levant, Howard. The Novels of John Steinbeck: A Critical Study. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1974. Marks, Lester Jay. Thematic Design in the Novels of John Steinbeck. The Hague: Mouton, 1969. Steinbeck, John. East of Eden. New York: Viking, 1952.

Essay --

A true friend is someone you can confide in without fear of being judged or betrayed... It is always good to have a friend in whom you can confide. A true friend is a good listener – one with whom you can share your thoughts and feelings without worrying whether they will judge you or tell other people about you. You should be able to trust a friend, particularly when you are in need of someone to share your problems with..... In â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† by John Boyne, Bruno, the main character is in need of a good friend. He is unhappy, having being forced to move away from his home in Berlin and ‘his three best friends for life’ because his father has a new job. Bruno, his mother and sister accompany the new commandant to the new house at â€Å"Out-With,† as Bruno calls it. This new house is small, dark, and strange. Bruno spends long days gazing out the window of his new bedroom, where he notices people dressed in striped pyjamas and rows of barracks surrounded by a barbed wire fence. With nobody except his sister ‘The Hopeless Case’ to talk to, bored and lonely, and not really understanding the circumstance of his new existence, Bruno sets out to explore the area, despite being forbidden to do so by his parents. He discovers Shmuel, a very thin Jewish boy who lives on the other side of the fence and an unlikely friendship between the two boys is form ed. Over the next few months the two children swap life stories through the wire fence. Shmuel explains how he and his family have been transported here from a ghetto in Poland. Unable to comprehend the gravity of Shmuel’s situation, Bruno is simply content to have found a playmate. In particular he finds it amazing that they are the same age and born on exactly th... ...d hegathers himself and makes a clear decision to face his fear in order to help his friend.... Even when the two boys have been herded into the gas chambers about to face their death, Bruno stands by his friend, holding Shmuel’s hand, forgetting even the names of his friends in Berlin and saying that Shmuel is one true friend for life. To conclude, Bruno and Shmuel’s friendship is both strange and genuine. Bruno confides in Shmuel, at first, because he is lonely and innocent. However as the novel develops their friendship grows into something authentic which crosses the boundaries of race, religion and culture. Over the course of the novel there are times when the friendship is tested, threatened and almost betrayed but Bruno and Shmuel remain true to their friendship even in the darkest and devastating of endings...At the end they died together...

Constellations

Being asked most people would name the twelve constellations of the zodiac and some more they have heard of or even seen (most common is surely the Big Dipper, though it is not a constellation but an asterism). In total there are 88 constellations, which can be divided into eight constellation families (see Menzel, â€Å"A Field Guide to the Stars and Planetes†). Many names we use nowadays came from the ancient Greeks. They used to assign their gods and heroes to certain figures in the sky. Due to their northern location they only gave names to those regions visible from their countries.The regions around the celestial south pole got some of their names when the astronomer Johan Bayer made his notes about the south regions of the sky. He followed the tradition of the names of the ancient, mainly connected to the sea and its creatures. Later on the french astronomer La Caille added the last 13 to fill the star-poor regions between the existing groups. He finally broke with the traditional namegiving and used scientific equipment or instruments (there is only one exception, which is Mensa, the Table Mountain).It should be noted that although now common, this is only the western view of the star patterns. Noone knows when mankind start giving names to stars and grouping of stars. It is most likely that constellation names were invented by early sailors for navigation purposes. But also in the deserts they might have been a good help for the people to find their ways. Therefore its quite naturally that each culture grouped the stars differently and gave them names from their natural and social enviroment.The constellations of the zodiac we know nowadays reach back to the days of the Babylonians and Chaldeans, 2000 to 3000 years ago. Back then the sun passes through twelve constellations we still assign to the zodiac. But since these old days there have been several changes to the assignment of the stars. The sun is now passing through thirdteen constellation s along the ecliptic. After the sun left Scorpius in the last week of November it moves through Ophiuchus, the Serpent Holder, in December before reaching Sagittarius, the Archer, end of December.

The Advantages Imparted By Resin Addition To Conventional Glass Ionomer Outweigh The Disadvantages

Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) is created when ion-leachable calcium alumino-silicate glass powder that contains fluoride reacts with polyalkenoic acid. Recently, the use of GIC has been extensive in dentistry as it can be modified by combining it with several substances and the properties can be further enhanced. GIC cement was initially developed by Wilson and Kent in England in the year 1972 (Graig, 2002). When created earlier, the GIC was not an aesthetic material and did not have any translucency. It was utilized to full only small class V abrasive lesions.It was slowly modified and can be used in several clinical processes such as luting, as a lining and a base, etc. GIC has certain unique properties that may not be present in any other material. It helps to conserve the tooth structure and it directly bonds with the tooth. The GIC cement directly bonds to the dentine present in the tooth. It helps to remineralise caries and hence can be utilized by preserving the tooth material. The GIC cement slowly releases fluoride over a long-period. This property of GIC can also be utilized in caries prevention and in patient’s having a high-risk of developing caries (Mount, 1998).The powder present in the resin-modified GIC cement is somewhat similar to the conventional GIC’s. The liquid contains monomers and polymers to ensure the strength of the GIC cement is increased (Graig, 2002). The GIC cement has usually two components, a powder and a liquid. The powder is a ion-leachable alumina-silicate glass. The liquid contains polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid dissolved in water. During the setting reaction Aluminium ions and calcium ions are released by the glass and polymers release acid groups.The setting reaction takes place slowly and results in the formation of a cross-linked gel matrix. Aluminium ions may be exchanged slowly in the gel matrix which helps to strengthen it. This process occurs very slowly until the final set. The calcium present i n the gel matrix may combine with the exposed GIC cement bonds using both diffusion an the adsorption phenomenon (Mount, 1998). When the freshly cut tooth surface is smeared with GIC, the polyalkenoic acid plays a very important role in initiating adhesion. The carboxyl ions present in the acid displaces the phosphate ions present in the apatite crystals.The Calcium phosphate-polyalkenoate crystalline complex formed at the interface of the tooth surface and the GIC material plays a very important role in bonding. This phenomenon is frequently-known as diffusion based adhesion (Mount, 1998). When the intermediate complex phase is subjected to acid etching, it was more resistant to etching than the other portions of the tooth. When forces were applied to debond the restoration to the tooth, the complex phase formed was left behind. The carboxyl group of the polyacid of the GIC combines with the collagen molecules of the dentin to form a bond.The strength of this bond may be increased by using conditioning agents such as citric acid and hydrogen peroxide which help to remove the smear layer. However, polyacrylic acid is the best material in removing the smear layer and improving adhesion. Polyacrylic acid helps to remove the smear layer, but does not interfere with the dentinal plugs that block the entry into the dentinal tubules. This helps to prevent the development of hypersensitivity following restoration. This solution can also be utilized remove the smear layer (Mount, 1998). The Cement so formed may have a lot of limitations which may restrict use.GIC cement is slightly more soluble in the saliva compared to several other dental cements especially the resin containing cements. However, GIC cement is more resistant to solubility than other cements such as silicate cements. Another problem of GIC cement is that it may begin to disintegrate in the oral cavity when certain problems such as zerostomia or Sjogern’s syndrome are present. This is because th e GIC cement tends to lose its moisture in the oral cavity. In such a circumstance, GIC restorations have to be replaced every few months or maximum on an annual basis.Frequently, the cement has to be covered by a composite resin lining to ensure that the GIC cement does not face the ruthless environment of the mouth, especially in Sjorgren’s syndrome (Mount, 1998). Resin modified GIC cements helps to make the material more resistant to both excessive solubility in the oral cavity and excessive destruction from unfavourable conditions present in the mouth such as Sjogren’s syndrome (Mount 1998). GIC cement tends to shrink slowly with time. The shrinkage on an average basis (volumetrically) is about 3 %.This shrinkage develops slowly over a period of time. On the tooth side of the restoration, as the GIC combines with the collagen and the tooth surface to form a bond, the shrinkage may not be much to result in debonding of the restoration from the tooth. The stress rela xation is not much on the tooth side of the restoration. When the cement tends to set slowly, it usually absorbs water and also dissolves slightly more in the saliva. Slowly setting cements overall do not have good mechanical properties but anyway shrink less than the faster setting GIC’s.A cavity varnish or a Composite Resin may have to be applied to the surface of slow-setting GIC cement in order to protect if from the oral environment during the initial stages following setting. In resin-modified GIC cements, even if the resin content is about 5 %, it would result in reduced amounts of shrinkage at the time of placement. The shrinkage that develops over a period of time occurs much more slowly. The adhesion formed between the tooth surface and the GIC helps to limit shrinkage to some extent (Mount,1998). GIC cements are weak material and lack rigidity.They are susceptible to fracture compared to other materials such as dental amalgams and composite resins. Those restoratio ns with GIC prepared in high stress bearing areas, having high occlusal load, usually fail within a short period of time. However, research suggests that the resin-modified GIC cements have a better strength compared to the conventional GIC cements. The transverse strength of resin-modified GIC cement is almost twice that of conventional GIC cement (Graig, 2002). They also have higher fracture resistance, almost comparable to micro-filled composite resins.On an average, the compressive strength of conventional GIC cements is about 70 to 220 MPa, and that for luting GIC cements is about 10 to 150 MPa. The compressive strength for a resin-modified GIC cement is about 110 to 220 MPa. The tensile strength for conventional GIC cements is about 12 to 16 MPa and that for luting GIC cement is about 6 to 15 MPa. The tensile strength of resin -modified GIC cement is about 15 to 16 Moa. The Shear strength of the conventional GIC cement is about 30 to 40 MPa and for the luting GIC cement is abo ut 20 to 25 MPa.On the other hand, the resin-modified GIC cement has shear strength of about 60 to 70 MPa. During the early days, the GIC cements did not have a good compressive and tensile strengths. However, nowadays due to advancements in the materials, the compressive and tensile strengths of conventional GIC is approaching that of resin-modified GIC and also the microfilled composite resins (Mount, 1998). However, the resin-modified GIC cements should only be utilized in low –stress bearing areas. They can be utilized in patients having a high-caries rate as the GIC cement has anti-cariogenic properties (Graig, 2002).Many dental practitioners consider using cermets cements or sliver-impregnated GIC cements in load-bearing areas as they would feel that it helps improve the facture toughness of the GIC. However, this is a wrong perception as cermets cements only help to improve the abrasive resistance. Conventional GIC cements have a reasonable amount of resistance to abra sion. They may be susceptible to abrasion during the initial stages following placement (Mount 1998). Self-curing GIC cements may have moderate translucency, but this may take several days to develop.Self-curing GIC cements tend to be affected by the presence of water during the initial period following setting. Hence, self-curing GIC cements may have to be carefully sealed during placement for at least 24 hours until some amount of translucency is achieved. The technique of placement plays a very important role in the case of conventional GIC. Resin-modified GIC cements show a much better translucency compared to the conventional GIC cements. The translucency is achieved immediately following curing with light. The translucency may slightly worsen over the next few days following placement, but this may not be perceived to the eye.Following this, the translucency improves again and sometimes it even achieves a greater amount of translucency compared to that obtained following curin g (Mount, 1998). HEMA (about 15 to 25 %), certain polymerisable groups (1%) and a photo-initiator are present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement. The light –activation of the GIC enables polymerization of the resin, and the chemical reaction between the liquid and the powder components of the GIC goes on as in an auto-curing system. The final setting of the resin-modified GIC cement is the same as that of conventional cement.As HEMA is present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement, using thinly consistency cements would bring about a higher HEMA content in the final set mixture. A thick mixture would contain 4. 5 % HEMA, whereas thinly-mixed GIC cement would contain about 15 % HEMA. The HEMA is capable of drawing water from the oral environment and degrading. Further, HEMA is released into the dentin. The presence of certain trace elements in the GIC cement brings about an oxidation-reduction reaction and ensures that the HEMA is not l eft behind. Hence, water is not absorbed from the environment by the GIC cement.During the setting of the resin-modified GIC cement, two basic reactions occur between the powder and the liquid. The first is the acid-base reaction between the polyalkenoic acid and the glass powder. Two separate matrices are formed, one is a hydrogel of the ionomer salts and the other is a poly-HEMA matrix. When these two matrices are formed, the interactions prevent the acid-base reactions from completing. The HEMA particles will begin to set following activation by light, and will prevent the auto-curing GIC cement from absorbing water almost immediately (Mount, 1998).This will also ensure that a greater amount of strength is achieved by the restoration almost immediately (Graig, 2002). The acid-base reaction, the light-curing reaction (along with the presence of the photo-initiator) and the oxidation-reduction reactions ensure that adequate cross-linking takes place in the resin-modified GIC cement . The light-curing reaction ensures sufficient and immediate hardening of the GIC mass provided the light activation is performed. The acid-base reaction will continue for a few days to bring about hardening within a few days.The cross-linking formed in the acid-base reactions and the HEMA matrix will ensure that water is not taken up by the GIC mass. The 5 to 15 % HEMA present in the GIC ensures that water is not immediately taken up by the GIC mass. However, as a sufficient quantity of substances present in the conventional GIC cement is present, the chances of dehydration following the initial setting reaction are still high. Hence, light-cured resin-modified GIC cement should also be protected with a low-viscosity resin sealant (Mount, 1998).When resin-modified GIC cement is utilized as a base below composite resin restorations, there is no need to etch the GIC cement before inserting the composite resin material. HEMA helps in forming a chemical bond between the GIC cement and the composite resin. Efforts should be made during the etching process to prevent accident etching of the GIC cement. However, etching the GIC cement would not result in an adverse affect. When GIC cement is utilized below amalgam restorations, it is better to use resin-modified GIC cement as it can tolerate higher strengths compared to the conventional GIC cements (Graig, 2002).Resin-modified GIC cements are frequently utilized below composite resin restorations since the year 1985, so as to lower microleakage. Besides, fluorides released by the GIC would ensure that secondary caries does not develop. The composite resin would ensure that superior aesthetic effects of the restoration would be maintained. Fluorides leached by the GIC would ensure that the restoration has some anti-cariogenic effect. Earlier, conventional GIC cement was utilized below composite restorations, and only mechanical interlocking between both the materials occurred.The GIC present below the resin material was lost over a period of time. There is no chemical bonding between the GIC and the composite resin restoration and hence, the bond strength is very poor. The use of rein-modified GIC cements present below composite resins helps to improve the bond strength as a chemical bonding would be formed between the monomer present in the GIC and certain substances present in the composite resin (Taher, 2007). The GIC utilized in a laminate or sandwich technique can be used in two fashions, that is open sandwich and closed sandwich technique.In the open sandwich technique, portions of the GIC are exposed to the oral cavity. The GIC is not only utilised to cover the exposed dentin but is also placed peripherally to form a type of seal. In the closed technique, the GIC covers the dentin and is in turn completely covered by the composite resin restoration. Using conventional GIC cements, the failure rates were 13 to 35 % within 2 years and 75 % within 6 years. The conventional GIC cements place d were capable of degenerating to a greater extent in the saliva and are also susceptible to fracture due to decreased fracture resistance.Gradually, resin-modified GIC began to replace the conventional GIC under composite restorations. As resin-modified GIC cements have superior properties, they would ensure a longer life, and would also have an anti-cariogenic effect. Studies demonstrated that the resin-modified GIC developed better proprieties and was not much technique-sensitive compared to the conventional GIC cements. In the open-sandwich technique, the marginal seal developed by the resin –modified GIC cement was much better than the composite resin materials and hence is preferred.The caries rate was much less in the patients using Resin-modified GIC cements compared to the conventional GIC cements. A study was conducted by Dentists in a city in Sweden to study the effect of using resin-modified GIC cements on about 239 restorations. It was found that the 5 % of the r estorations had become unacceptable after 3 years (that is about 5 % of all restorations treated with open-sandwich techniques had failed). Tooth fractures developed in about 2. 5 % of the restorations. Minor erosions of the GIC were observed in 4 %. Secondary caries developed only in one of the 239 restorations.The properties of resin-modified GIC cements is much superior to conventional GIC cement when utilized beneath composite restorations in a sandwich technique. The Resin-modified GIC cements are less susceptible to dissolve and disintegrate in the salvia compared to the conventional GIC cements. It also adapts well to the cavity walls and offers a chemical bonding with the composite resin. The failure rate with resin modified GIC cements was much less compared to that of conventional GIC cements. The sandwich technique can be utilized as an alternative to amalgam restorations especially in those with a high caries index.The restorations produced have a lower failure rate and has a much longer life. However, the use of resin-modified GIC cements for sandwich technique has not been studied on a long term basis (van Dijken, 1999). The bond strengths formed between resin-modified GIC cements and the composite resin materials was higher compared to that between the conventional GIC and the composite restorations following etch and bond technique. In etch and bond technique, the bond strength formed was about 2. 42 MPa compared to that of 6. 87 to 7. 05 MPa formed between the resin-modified GIC and the composite restorations (Knight, 2006).Another study conducted in the University of Cardiff by Chadwick et al (2007), demonstrated that resin-modified GIC cement had a much better success rate compared to conventional GIC cements. The failure rates of conventional GIC cements were between 6. 6 to 60 %. The failure rates of resin-modified GIC cements were found to be between 2 to 14 %, suggesting superior mechanical properties. Some amount of evidence is present from past literature that resin-modified GIC cements could also be utilised to a certain extent in small and moderate sized class II restorations (Chadwick, 2007).A study was conducted to study the surface properties of resin-modified composite resins compared to that of conventional GIC and that of composite resin restorations. The materials were examined following polishing with silicon carbide. The composite resin restorations and the resin-modified GIC cements were more resistant to the effect of foodstuff such as tea, coffee and red wine on the restoration than the conventional GIC. The surface roughness of the composite resin restoration and the resin-modified restoration were much lesser compared to the conventional GIC restoration (Bagheri, 2007).There are not much of differences in the composition of the resin-modified GIC and the conventional GIC cements. The resin-modified GIC contains a small percentage of monomers and polymers to bring about superior mechanical properti es. Resin-modified GIC cements are more resistant to solubility and excessive disintegration from several factors that operate from within the oral cavity. The shrinkage that develops in resin-modified GIC is much slower and less compared to conventional GIC cement. Resin–modified GIC cements have higher transverse strengths, compressive strengths and fracture resistance compared to conventional GIC cements.Even the tensile strengths and the shear strengths of resin-modified GIC cements are higher than conventional GIC cements. However, resin-modified GIC cements should not be utilized in high stress bearing areas, as they could fail. Resin-modified GIC achieves its final properties almost immediately, following curing with light. Resin-modified cements have better properties when placed below composite and amalgam restorations. Below composite restorations, it forms a chemical bond with the composite. As its strength is higher, it can be utilized below amalgam restorations.I t also helped to reduce the secondary caries rate as they released fluorides over a period of time. The surface properties of Resin-modified GIC are also much better compared to that of conventional GIC, and hence the aesthetic properties would be much better. All these superiorities do imply that Resin-modified GIC should be preferred for use in various situations. However, the Resin-modified GIC should not be utilized to fill large cavities in stress bearing areas, as they are susceptible to fail.

Mdcm B Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mdcm B - Case Study Example The main aims of the 12 projects were to rejuvenate the entire system of MDCM IT in next three years. The projects aimed to bring changes into the infrastructure, front- office systems as well as in the back office system. The various projects were as follows: In order to reduce the myriad different standards and the IT methodologies in and across the company, this project was designed. As this initiative demanded training for the contractors, the consultants and the internal IT professionals in the new methodology, it can be said that the time required for this project would be around 3 months. In this project the initiative was taken to consolidate the datacenter to three locations and to shift the company to network to VPN that would be managed by the telecommunication providers. The savings from this project would range to $1.1 millions. The time taken by this project would approximately be six months. At this stage an effort was made to standardize the server hardware and platforms. It was realized that by doing so there would be reduction of the maintenance and the support cost. This would normally require maximum of 3 months. At this project an attempt was made to make the functions of HR administration automated and available for the â€Å"self-service† to the employees on the intranet website. It would require around 3 months. At this project, the IT department decided to improve the collaboration systems like E-mail, Discussion boards, Knowledge management applications though they were highly disparate systems and were underutilized. However, the main challenge for the IT department was to consolidate the system as it would require commitment from the IT and would require huge amount of internal systems. It would require three to four months for this system to come into existence. A customer portal was decided to be made on the internet in order to reduce the administrative expenses that are associated

To what extent is adult criminality a consequence of problems in the Essay

To what extent is adult criminality a consequence of problems in the family environment during an offender's childhood and ado - Essay Example The terms in these papers were also accurately defined. These papers are also well-written, with no grammar and spelling mistakes. The writing is well organized and supported by either inductive or deductive patterns of reasoning. The terminologies are also used effectively. High quality essays also manifest wide reading and research. The resources are well-selected, based on validity and reliability of research process and results. The information portrayed in this high quality research is based on supported facts and figures from independent researchers and government-released reports. Such data is also well-documented and properly supported by experts and academic scholars. The resources are also peer-reviewed and published in reputable journals or other creditable publications. These experts also portray clear and unbiased analysis based on a various range of perspectives. In contrast, the low quality essays are not well-supported by accurate facts and information. For the most p art, they are only opinions and unsupported conclusions by individuals who are not experts in the subject matter. The findings of the study are often simply presented with hardly any attempts at an analytical and comprehensive review. There are grammar and spelling mistakes which interfere with its reliability, as well as its validity as a scholarly paper. The conclusions attempted are also very much generalized; and no specific details or creditable sources are used to support such conclusions. I used the knowledge gained from critiquing the example essays to prepare and structure the essay by utilizing such knowledge to seek credible references for use in the paper. I also used the same data to weed out which references would not be scholarly and supportive of the paper in general. With the use of knowledge gained from the critique, I was able to conceptualize a logical and valid research with limited generalizations. In effect, the paper was properly written as a scholarly and ac ademic discussion based on logical and ethical standards of research. Moreover, the review process of the authors and references underwent a comprehensive assessment based on peer-review and publication in a reputed journal. The critique of the example essays enabled an impartial process of inquiry which then engendered the validity of the research essays. It allowed also a logical and well-argued research process to unfold, considering all pertinent facts and details in the practice as well as in the research methodology. Finally, the critique highlighted for me the importance of referencing as exhibited by the bibliographic pages. This also lent more credibility and validity to the entire research

In light of ever-expanding network activity, what should be the role Essay

In light of ever-expanding network activity, what should be the role of supra-national organizations in crises like the Arab Spring and Libya in 2011 Why - Essay Example The mistreatment of the people in Libya and victims of the Arab Spring should have been a concern for the supra-national organizations. The political leaders in Africa for example in Libya use their power to oppress the minority. These leaders deny their subjects their human rights and make their lives miserable under their rule. The success of NATO depended on the chance of Libya emerging as a stable democratic nation.2 The success of supra-national organizations is dependent on their objectives. Doubts have been casted over the responsibility of networks to protect vulnerable populations. Supra-national organizations have the ability to protect the vulnerable through ensuring there are fair elections among less democratic state. Such states are exposed to unfair elections and election violence, as well as oppressive rules. However, the supra-national organizations have legal authority only over member states. This means that cases of Libya and the Arab Spring can be handled by the African Union or the United Nation among others.3 This is legal right of membership is the reason why Falk questions NATO’s involvement with Libyan issues. Conclusively, networks may be a threat to governments; however, confronting them is not a simple task. This is because interaction of individuals through the internet is the cause of the expansion of networks. Supra-national organizations must ensure every person around the globe practices his or her human rights. NATO intervention in Libya might be question, but despite going against the UN, NATO’s move might have saved lives of many individuals in Libya. Jie Tang, Irwin King, and Ling Chen, Advanced Data Mining and Applications: 7th International Conference, ADMA 2011, Beijing, China, December 17-19, 2011, Proceedings, Volume 1. New York: Springer,